Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress

Relationship betwixt Binge victuals and StressBinge consume and Stress Is it behavioral or Biological?ABSTRACTStress is often inevitable in todays fast paced world. People atomic number 18 struggling with positive head mechanisms to deal with everyday life stressors. Binge occupying (BE) chamberpot arise from dysfunctional coping mechanisms that can be triggered from stress. Research has been limited in categorizing flood alimentation as either behavioral or biological due to BE being a recent disorder discovery and its overlap between uneasy and mental dependence. This review aims to explain the differences between biological and psychological railroad ties and the correlation stress has in both aspects of BE.KeyWords Binge Eating, Stress, Eating roughness, Food Addiction, PsychologicalDependenceINTRODUCTIONAt some point in their lives, people pull in experienced some form of stress that t unitary down them to turn to coping mechanisms to overcome the stressor(s). Work, college, family, and the pursuit of happiness can consume an individual to perform at optimum, sometimes unrealistic levels. In todays world, college students and immature professionals report the highest levels of stress compared to older generations. Thirty-nine percent of Millennials say their stress has increased in the last year, compared to 36 percent of Generation Xers, 33 percent of Baby Boomers and 29 percent of Matures (Stress by Genarations, 2012). The form in which people deal with stress varies from individual but maladaptive forms of coping mechanisms such as Binge eating are becoming more(prenominal)(prenominal) popular among young individuals, particularly women (Fischer, 2017). Binge Eating (BE) is consuming a very bountiful amount of intellectual nourishment within a short period of time with no sense of control over ones eating, and no purification afterwards (Parakeh). People who have low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, body image issues, dieting ob sessed, compulsive tendencies and academic perfection goals are more likely to develop an eating disorder such as BE (Cain, 2008). BE so far has been classified as an eating disorder along with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (Hardway, 2015), but there are more vestigial symptoms that make it difficult to categorize under purely addictive psychological dependence or if its a neural reception to stress. Psychological conditions such as depression, anxiety and low-self-esteem can manifest themselves when triggered by a situation or stressor that would make the individual turn to BE for relief or avoidance (Shelton, 2010). According to the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), which is a measure to identify individuals show signs related to substance dependence with the inlet of high fat/high sugar food for thought such as food addiction (YFAS) individuals whose symptoms fit under YFAS have a strong correlation to food addiction. The YFAS proposes that the characteristics of gormandize eating goes hand in hand with what currently qualifies as substance dependence. Also, scores on the YFAS predicted binge eating behavior and wound up eating in a study of obese women who were dieting (Parylak, 2011). Alternatively, studies have been conducted that have found when stress levels are high, individuals are more likely to be given towards high-fat, high-sugar palatable foods in excess versus times of little to no stress. Neuronal activity monitored by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed activating of various limbic governing body areas such as, the right amygdala (emotions, motivation), Cingulate cortex (emotion formation, memory), Hippocampus (regulates emotions), and Putamen (movement of limbs) (Figure 1, 2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Stress response initiates itself in the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) bloc and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system (Adam, 2007). The overlapping and differential aspects of stress induced BE in the biologic al or psychological aspect have non yet been reviewed and the social occasion of this review is to compare both sides, using research already done in both areas to determine how stress-induced BE should be categorized.Stress and CategoriesThe Neuronal draw nearStudies have been done to research the cause of stress on the flair mostly on animals like mice. The studies have revealed that in rats,stress can lead story to choosing of lards and sugars over some other foods (Adam, 2007). Astudy done relating animal and human literature took focus on theneuroendocrine mediators, insulin and cortisol and reviewed the neuralcircuitry of the reward system that is linked with food (Adam, 2007). Animalmodels resulted in glucocorticoids allowing for more pleasurable food wasting diseaseand the consumption of medicines. A rear end pinch in rats is considered a stressor andwhen the tail is pinched the rat would eat more caloric dense food. After a 24hour rest period the rat would not eat to compensate for the calories taken in.However, if the tail pinching was consistent, the rat would eat more and stillate during the rest period. This can equate into human terms, as how constant sober stressors, for example college finals happening at the same time fourresearch papers are due, and fast food available virtually everywhere can leada very stressed person into a consumption frenzy of unlimited caloric densefood (Adam, 2007). The activation of the HPA axis as well as other transmittersaccounts for the release of endogenous opioids which affect the body by tryingto relax it when its in a heightened state. When theopioids are released (as response to a stressor) they contribute to theconsumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods, and likewise these palatable foodssustain the release of the opioids. Therefore, if food is concluded to shutdown stress pathways as before mentioned, (deactivating the HPA axis), so theres not a continuous influx of stressful omen transduction (suc has adrenaline release), and food is a coping mechanism of choice, henceneurologically a stressed-out person is wired to seek out fatty foods tocompensate for the amounts of stress triggering reactions in their body (Adam,2007). In another research study, human subjects were tested understressful and non-stressful conditions (a solvable math test and an unsolvablemath test), given two fMRIs and five blood tests. Thetest subjects were consequently asked to choose what kind of food appealed to them moreafter the test and a meal was alike given before of their choosing. The resultsindicated that under stress food intake was larger than non-stressed. Subjectswould have higher energy intake, protein intake and carbohydrate intakecompared with the non-stressed subjects, as foods that were more palatable werechosen (higher in sugar, fat, salt, and more textured) (Born, 2010). Theseresults correlate with other studies mentioned in this research, that alsostated that stressed subjects hav e higher energy intakes therefore they tend toeat more nutrient dense foods compared to those who are not stressed. The areas ofthe brain that were molestd were those that are linked to the reward system.The reward system is a dependence system is the brain that is activated bypleasurable foods, and drugs that renounce the feeling of one wanting more.Constant stimulation of the reward system leads to desensitization which testamentincrease the craving for palatable foods and have neurobiological adaptions tostimulate eating when not hungry. (Adam, 2007). The fMRI scans show regions ofthe limbic system that were activated when stressed given the choice to choosefoods that were appealing (Figures 1,2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Brain reward in eatingin the absence of hunger Figure 1. mesial (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast of choosing something versus choosing nothing. Significant activation is visible in the left-hand(a) frontal cortex ( 21, 58, 1 3 Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). Figure 2. Two sagittal (a, b) sections at different planes and a transversal (c) section with the GLM contrast of choosing breakfast versus choosing a meal postprandially. There is a clear activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (3, 48, 1), frontal cortex (13, 61, 20 and 12, 63, 21) and putamen (18, 5, 5 Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born 2010). Figure 3. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast rest condition versus stress condition. Significant activation in present in the putamen (22, 4, 3 and 23, 11, 4) and the orbitofrontal cortex ( 8, 28, 6, Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). A sleep study was conducted identifying lack of sleep as astressor. This is a common stressor of many college students for example thatare loaded with excessive workloads, and young professionals who must meet thedemands of their job fields. Subjects spent six days in bed for 9 hour s or 4hours and were submitted to MRI scanning on the sixth day and shown images ofhigh and low calorie foods as well as nonfood items. The results showed overallneuronal activity was greater after restricted sleep than familiar sleep inresponse to food images. There was also more brain activity in areas of thebrain associated with the reward pathways (Orbital frontal Cortex, insula, andregions of the basal ganglia). The brain regions in which activity was detectedare related to motivation and desire so individuals who are not getting enoughsleep are more prone to binge eating (St. Onge, 2012). Similarly, research hasbeen conducted on nocturnal eating in response to stress and it was found thatnocturnal eaters were more likely to binge eat than their counterparts. Thestressors in this study were mostly psychological (self-esteem issues, bodyshaming, depression etc.) but as mentioned before if there is a lack of sleepit will trigger neuronal activity to seek out palatable food, and sometimes itis uncontrolled, leading to binge eating (Striegel-Moore, 2010). Another study conducted previously testedsubjects in a similar manner and found that those subjects with Night EatingSyndrome (NES) were also associated with binge eating (Colles, 2007). Obesitywas concurrent with NES and most subjects that have NES were male harmonise toColles. The Psychological ApproachBinge Eating is generally more closelyassociated with psychological factors such as depression, low self-esteem, poorbody image perception, academic insufficiency, and weight-loss goals (Han, 2017).These factors are also closely associated to food addiction. Food addiction is definedjust as substance addiction per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of rational Disorders, Fourth Edition(DSM-IV) (Parakeh). The interlacing of terms between food addiction and bingeeating has to do with the psychological factors both terms have in common. BEis characterized by behavioral and psychological symptoms such as the frequency ofbinge episodes, the amount of food consumed, and their occurrence in theabsence of hunger. BE is also usually followed by guilt and feelings ofdisgust, shame, or depression, whereas FA is strictly more of a lack ofself-control driven by an impulse for gratification or escape. some(prenominal)have a loss of control and impulsivity driving the conditions however, food addiction does not equate into bingeeating (Davis, 2016). Research has been conducted to explore thesepsychological factors and a study was done comparing BE and FA statistically.The results indicated that subjects who fall under similar factors in both BE and FA are morelikely to experience more frequent binge eating episodes, stronger cravings forfood, and elevated levels of impulsivity and depressive symptoms than thosewith only BED (Burrows, 2017). Therefore, there is a difference between the twoterms, however when used in combination, the effects on an individual can bemore severe in contrast if the y were suffering from just BE or FA alone. Stresscan increase the effects of BE and FA, as studies have shown the closer the behavior between FA and BE then themore likely there will be underlying implicated stress and anxious anddepressive mood (Parylak, 2011). In a Chinese study the effects of stress and its causation tobinge eating was studied in adolescent girls whose main stressor was academicperfection. Results showed that adolescents with greater life event stress,earlier maladaptive schemas and higher levels of impulsivity displayed moresevere binge eating (Zhu, 2015). Therefore, adolescents who never well-educatedpositive coping mechanisms and were exposed to strong life stressors, were morelikely to engage in binge eating. This is potentially dangerous amongMillennial populations since it is possible they may have not learned positivecoping mechanisms in adolescence and now many are in college where the pressureto excel academically is high. Healthy individuals who may not fit criteria forBE or FA can fall into either category depending on the level of stressassociated in their lives, and how vulnerable they may be to psychologicalstressors (Hardaway, 2015).CONCLUSIONCategorizing BingeEating into either behavioral or biological categories is difficult because asresearch has shown components from both domains often interlace with oneanother. As discussed in this review many psychological stressors can give riseto neuronal activity that will biologically start a maladaptive cycle if theperson is not equipped to handle the overwhelming stress. Unfortunately,diagnosis of BE is done incorrectly because patients are not always asked theappropriate questions regarding their eating habits. Diagnosis should take intoconsideration dopamine, opioid, acetylcholine, and serotonin neuro-circuitry thatare associated within the brain reward regions, along with the psychologicalstressors (depression, self-esteem etc) that could be troubling the patient(Fornaro, 2 016). data-based drugs should as Lisdexamfetamine, have beentested among patients with mild BE and were found to reduce occurrence of BEepisodes compared to the placebo. Future trials concerning safety and long termeffects of the drug are needed to deem the drug fit for clinical treatment ofBE (Fornaro, 2016). Currently self-help techniques including monitoring mood,stress, and eating behavior are preferred to the pharmaceutic approach,however self-help in patients with BE is not effective as compared to thosewithout reported BE (Wolff, 2000). Future work could incorporate neuropsychology as to understand the processes of signal transduction that can lead to behavioral problems. The infusion of psychology and biology is crucial in trying to understand and ultimately treat binge eating caused by stress. As of now such research and studies are scarce combining both components in association with BE. This review aimed to clarify the distinction between psychologicaland neuronal categor ization of stress induced binge eating. As mentioned throughthis review, it is inaccurate to try and place BE into one category, as bothcategories are often present in individuals suffering from BE. The greater theawareness of this subject, the more equipped work places, colleges, andindividuals can be to recognize potential stressors and the effects they haveon those who are vulnerable to psychological conditions. Works CitedAdam, TanjaC., and ElissaS. Epel. Stress, eatingand the reward system.Physiology& Behavior, vol.91, no.4,2007,pp.449-458.Born, J.M., et al. 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