Existentialism: American Beauty

Existentialism: American Beauty American Beauty is a movie that sets in suburban America. The story is about Lester, whom is a middle-aged writer working in a magazine company. He was having a midlife crisis where he felt lonely and numbed by continuous unchanging routine of his everyday life. In the movie, his wife portrayed as a successful real estate agent, but she was also going through her own midlife crisis in both her career and personal life. Lester’s daughter, Jane Bumham had alienated her parents and was going through puberty.They have a new neighbor who is a U. S. Marine Corps Colonel Frank Fitts, and he has a son, Ricky Fitts, who is a drug dealer. Lester was going to get fired from his company that he had worked for fourteen year. Lester managed to cut a deal by threatening the manager to give him a year’s worth of salary or else he would distribute the gossip news, which would sabotage the company. One day, he and his wife went to see their daughterâ€℠¢s cheerleading dance and during the performance Lester saw Jane’s friend Angela Hayes. He then starts having fantasies of her.On the other hand, his wife was also having an affair with a successful colleague. Disregarding his wife’s life, Lester started to make changes in his life after hearing Angela complimented him and suggested that if he worked out, she would like him even more. Therefore, he started working out after being fired from his job, and got a new job at a fast food restaurant. During work, he found that his wife was having an affair and he asked her for a divorce. On the other hand, the marine corporal, Frank, has trust issues with his son, since Ricky had a history of using drugs (smoking weed).One day, Frank starts to get suspicious about Ricky’s actions. Then when Lester called Ricky to get more marijuana, Frank saw them getting together in a room. He thought that they were sexually involved. In reality, they were just smoking weed. When Rick y went home, Frank abused him and mistakenly believed that he was homosexual, which caused him to kick Ricky out of the house. So Ricky decided to ask Jane to runaway with him to New York. At the same time, when Lester and Angela was getting intimate with each other, she suddenly confessed that she was a virgin.Lester realized that he shouldn’t be taking advantage of her and Angela started crying, so he comforted her. After the incident, both of them bonded and shared their problems. On the last scene of the movie, it showed Lester holding an old picture of his family reminiscing the past then Frank suddenly showed up with a gun and shot him. The movie, American Beauty, portrayed many existential themes from philosophers like Franz Kafka, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Paul Sartre. In the beginning of the movie, Lester indicates he lived like a dead man.He goes through the same routine everyday, which is similar to Franz Kafka’s character Gregor Samsa in the short story â€Å"Metamorphosis†. Before Gregor’s transformation into a metamorphosis, he was a salesman for a long period of time where he felt that had lost his character, goals and even estranged himself from his family. Lester and Gregor have committed themselves to the society, which caused them to be alienated by their families. In the beginning of the movie, Lester’s daughter critiqued her father as a â€Å"loser† and his wife also looked down on him.Gregor had similar situations, he was also alienated because his job required him to travel, and therefore, he couldn’t spend time with his family. According to Kafka, one has to go through alienation because that awakens us to blossom into a new life. He believes that an individual have to balance themselves between individuality and society. Even though Gregor’s transformation gave him a new life, it was too late for him to live for himself. On the other hand, Lester was lucky enough to experience the change when he heard Angela’s suggestion to get fit.This tip encouraged Lester to adjust his dull and melancholy life. He starts working out and live for himself, instead of living up to other people’s standards. Kafka’s view of existentialism is that an individual has the responsibility to find balance between leisure and work. Lester’s character has some similarities as Kafka’s life. Kafka was employed at an insurance company, where he had experienced the suffering from working in the dull cubical office. He used writing as a way to escape from the tedious life he had, and it was the only method that could explore his creativeness.Even though Kafka was not an existentialist, his writing depicted many existential themes and shared similar thoughts with other philosopher like Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche is a philosopher in the late 18th century. He has a great impact towards existentialism. His existential theme is about individua lity and constructing identity. Through his book called Gay Science, Nietzsche indicated that there were more liberation and freedom after religious wars and persecution ended. He believed that people were getting detached with religion.Even though the movie â€Å"American Beauty† did not have any religious related themes, it still portrayed the theme of liberation. It was freedom that saved Lester from being drowned by his miserable life, especially when he was being disregarded by his wife and alienated from his daughter. In addition, in the end of the movie, Ricky Fitts, the neighbor’s son was released from his father because of a misunderstanding. He was trapped under his abusive father’s rules and control. When Ricky was living under his father, he was like the â€Å"last man† in Nietzsche’s short story: Thus Spoke Zarathustra.The â€Å"last man† lacks passion and has no drive: â€Å" †¦ they do not like to hear the world ‘c ontempt’ applied to them. Let me then address their pride. Let me speak of them of what is the most contemptible; but that is the last man† (Soloman, 73). Lester also has similar characteristics of the â€Å"last man†. Before his transformation, he even confessed that he was living a life of a â€Å"dead man†. Nietzsche saw the â€Å"last man† among the middle class and he was afraid that they would be suffocated by the dreadful office space. This greatly relates to Lester’s working environment and the suburban area where he lived.Everyday felt like yesterday, nothing changes. There is no creativity or passion in Lester’s life and Nietzsche believed that people should be pushed and encouraged to break the cycle. Lester’s transformation speaks of Nietzsche’s existentialist theme: â€Å"we philosophers and ‘free spirits’ fell, when we hear the news that ‘the old god is dead. ’ As if a new dawn sho ne on us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (68). The â€Å"new dawn† that Nietzsche mentions in his book have similar portrayal in the movie, which is Lester’s transformation of his new life. From a miserable and coward person, Lester changed into a new courageous and free spirited individual.He was able to confront his wife and make his own decisions without being afraid of her looking down on him: â€Å"It's a great thing when you realize you still have the ability to surprise yourself. Makes you wonder what else you can do that you've forgotten about† (American Beauty). Overall, Nietzsche’s theme reveals that people have the ability to make their own decision and put their destiny into their own hands just like what Lester did with his life. Similar to Kafka and Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre also emphasized the importance of individuality.He believes that â€Å"existence comes before essence,† people creates their own destiny and it is not God that controls our fate (206). He also explained that human nature did not emerge because God created us. Sartre did not believe in God; therefore, he believed human created the existence of human nature, like how Lester altered his life. Sartre also indicated that individuals should take responsibility towards their actions. Lester broke away from the society and left his past life to construct a new character without other people to disapprove his decisions.However, he also threw away all the responsibility as a father and husband. Lester quit his job and got a lower salary job, which left his wife in charge of the mortgage. Even before the transformation, the relationship between Lester and his daughter drifted apart causing them to ignore each other. He failed to take a responsibility as a father and nurture his child instead he tried to flirt with his child’s friend. From Sartre’s book Existentialism is a Humanism, he wrote: â€Å"Our responsibility is thus much greater than we had supp osed, for it concerns mankind as a whole† (208).He believed that an individual’s action could have a huge impact on others, just like how the neighbor, Colonel Frank Fitts killed Lester at the end of the movie. Frank has to live carry that guilt forever. It was his decision to kill and therefore it would be his responsibility to accept the blame. However the movie did not indicate what consequences Frank will be facing, or what kind of responsibility he will get after the murder. The director leaves the decision to the audience to decide what his fate is going to be. Lester did mess up his family and take no responsibility during his physical and mental transformation.In the end of the movie, when Angela, his daughter’s friend, told him that she was a virgin, he realized that he could not take advantage of her. This message reminded him that she was just a teenager that needed attention. He took a parental responsibility by comforting her and explored her frustra tions, which applied to Sartre’s theme of taking responsibility while making alternations in life. Through out the movie, American Beauty, it has exposed many existential themes that connected to multiple philosophers including Franz Kafka, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Paul Sartre.All of them emphasized the importance of individuality, passion and creativity, which was depicted in the movie, especially on the main character, Lester. He altered his life and cured his mid-life crisis. It was through existentialism where he was released from the trap of society and the controlled environment. In the end of the movie, every character found an answer towards the purpose of life. Even though Lester’s life ended getting shot in the head, he was actually happier than he was before and managed to live the life he wanted. Reference Solomon, Robert C. Existentialism. 2nd. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

Cultural Relativism

|Cultural Moral Relativism. Do We All Agree? | |Essay #1 Pratheep | |Sivabaalan 100266114 | |11/18/2009 | |James Connelly | I find Rachel’s arguments against the view of Cultural Moral Relativism persuasive and very convincing. Believers of Cultural Relativism have influenced the notion that cultural moral codes are culture bound. After explicating and assessing Cultural Relativism views and Rachels arguments, it is clear that there are discrepancies and inconsistencies in the views that favor Cultural Relativism. Rachels introduces a number of considerations that reject Cultural Relativism. Cultural Relativism tells us that there is no such thing as universal truth in ethics, and what does exist is the customs of different societies. Furthermore, we cannot judge a custom of another society or our own as right or wrong. Cultural Relativism simplifies its facts by employing an argument, known as the ‘Cultural Differences’ argument. ) Different cultures have different moral codes 2) Therefore, there is no objective â€Å"truth† in morality. Right and wrong are only matters of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture (Rachels, p18) Rachels identifies that argument as being unsound, thus an invalid argument altogether. Rachels explains that the conclusion does not follow the premise. Rachels explains that the argument’s premise concerns what people believe, and the conclusion concerns what really is the case. I agree with Rachels reasoning on the argument, the premise is motivated by observations, and not the facts and the conclusion suggests what is true. Therefore, the argument cannot be considered as a strong view for cultural relativism since the conclusion does not logically follow the premise; an unsound argument. Rachels attempts to provide stronger claims to reject Cultural Relativism through a method known as reduction ad absurbum. One of the main points that Cultural Relativism stresses is that â€Å"We can no longer say that customs of other societies are morally inferior to our own†. Rachels disagrees with this notion in contrast with less compassionate practices in other societies. Rachels brings up examples, such as the oppression of the Chinese Government upon its citizens. Cultural Relativism denies us to condemn such actions because we cannot judge practices in another society to our own. I believe Rachel has a good point on how far is too far, when it comes to customs in other societies. Situations and practices like excursion, slavery, stoning and etc raises questions on how tolerate can people be on inhuman practices. Another proposition that Cultural Relativism brings up is that â€Å"We could no longer criticize the code of our own society†. Rachel criticizes this statement by suggesting that people do not believe our society’s code is perfect, but Cultural Relativism disallows us to think of ways why our society can be better. I agree that our society’s moral code is not prefect and there are a number of reasons that suggests this. For example, animal testing and killings of specific dog breeds are questionable in our society’s moral codes. Furthermore, in our society we have different views on the topic of abortion, where people feel it is right and wrong. Like many societies and our own, we are prone to question our own moral codes and customs. Lastly, â€Å"The idea of moral progress would be called into doubt†, is the last statement Cultural Relativism conveys. The statement contradicts many of Cultural Relativism views it expressed. Rachels example of women rights can be seen as progress, yet it also means that the old ways, before the movement, are now being replace by new and improved ways. Cultural Relativism does view women rights changes as progress; however it forbids us from thinking that this is making our society better. Thus, cultural relativism views on progress makes this argument contradictory. The five tenets of Cultural Relativism undergo further explication as Rachel notes further criticism. The first claim, â€Å"different societies have different moral codes†, holds some truth, however fails to explain that there are universal values that all societies do share. Values such as truth telling, prohibition of murder and caring for the young are conceived by all societies. The only difference is the factual beliefs, not their values. I agree with Rachel, that there are some values that cultures do share. The second tenet, â€Å"The moral code of a society determines what is right within that society; that is, if the moral code of a society says that a certain action is right, then that action is right, at within that society†. Rachel assesses and explains that there is a vast difference in what a society believes and what is really true. Practices, like excision, can be very wrong and suggests does it really promote or hinder human well being. I believe it hinders a human well being, excision is a painful procedure that abolishes sexual pleasure for the individual. Scarring and tendencies to contract disease(s) are most probable in the long run. Cultural relativism believes that society’s morals of a culture can never be wrong. However, Rachels believes that we can see that societies are in need of moral improvement. I agree with Rachels statements, there is room for societies to understand and learn that mistakes can be made even in cultural customs. The third tenet, â€Å"There is no objective standard that can be used to judge one society’s code as better than another’s. There are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times†. Rachels strongly disagrees with this tenet in cases of stoning, slavery and excision. Rachels says, â€Å"it always matters whether a practice promotes or hinder the welfare of the people affected by it†(Rachels, p28). People affected by such barbaric practices do not seem to improve the quality of their lives nor their happiness. The forth tenet, â€Å"The moral code of our own society has no special status; it is but one among many†. Rachels points out that Cultural Relativism says, â€Å"it is merely one among many†(Rachels, p28) which directs an ‘open question’. A code in particular can be one of the best or one of the worse. This opens up an entirely new discussion that there are customs that are questioned to being right or wrong. The fifth tenet, â€Å"It is arrogant for us to judge other cultures. We should always be tolerate of them†. Rachels raises truth in this statement, we are often arrogant when we criticize other cultures, and tolerance is a good thing. Nevertheless, Rachels notes, we shouldn’t tolerate everything, human societies have done horrible things. Tolerance can only go so far, to a point where intervention is crucial. This claim is inconsistent with the second claim, ‘that right and wrong are determined by the norms of a society’. There are instants that norms of a society favor intolerance, for example the Nazi army invading Poland. Cultural Relativism teaches us not to criticize the Nazis for being intolerant if all they’re doing is following their own moral codes. However, cultural relativism also tells us that the norms of a culture are bound within the culture itself. Since the norms are bound in Polish society, invasion and manslaughter are not part of their norms. Work Cited: Rachels, James and Stuart Rachels. (2009). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Though some people are of the opinion that mufflers are not a safety hazard, the majority think that they are life threatening if removed. Therefore the law is right in slapping heavy fines on people who remove their mufflers while riding their bikes. Property is defined as "ones exclusive right to possess, use, and dispose of a thing" . . . "as well as the object, benefit, or prerogative which constitutes the subject matter of that right."( Barrons Law Dictionary (2nd ed. 1984) Based on this definition, the right to use the land rests with the owner, in this case the farmers who are free to utilize their property in any way they find useful or profitable. But the group demanding a halt to putting up of billboards may be seen to be indulging in â€Å"constitutive rhetoric about rural people, places†¦.† (Pruit.R.Lisa2006).; Their actions maybe motivated more by nostalgia for the idyllic, bucolic image of a farmer’s life and land, while failing to take into consideration his financial and economic constraints. If the billboard assures him guaranteed annual returns which may subsist his livelihood, the farmers are free to allow their land to be used in ways they deem fit. The decision may ultimately be influenced by the legal rhetoric about rural spaces, but in most cases law and its caretakers are far behind reality, holding onto outdated notions of a rural community. Restaurants which prohibit people from their premises, in the presence of clothing deemed unfit by the establishment are merely resorting to the use of Sumptuary Laws, which were traditionally used to reinforce social class system through certain restrictions on ways of dressing and eating. (Ribeiro, Aileen: Dress and Morality2003). Restaurants are engaged in the business of creating an illusion of a higher purpose of reality and it is their avowed aim to keep up the pretense at any cost. The owner of the restaurant has the right to take all

Should Gays be allowed to serve in the military Research Paper

Should Gays be allowed to serve in the military - Research Paper Example The â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue policy is one the policies in the USA that cannot be overlooked in such a debate. The question therefore, is whether it is a good policy or not. It is important to look at several views whether this policy harms or boosts military readiness. The other factor is the impact of this policy on the morale of military, whether it harms or boosts troop morale and unit cohesion or not (Berlatsky, 2011). In addition, I think it is significant to look at service compatibility aspect; this tries to deduce if in any case being a gay is compatible with military service. The other factor is whether ‘the don’t ask don’t tell policy’ has improved military retention and recruitment or whether it has harmed these efforts. Furthermore, its consistency to citizen rights is a matter not worth ignoring when handling this topic. Considering whether homosexuality is moral or not and whether this should play a role in driving States policy should also take preeminence. Ultimately careful evaluation of these considerations can result to the bearing taken in analyzing whether gays should serve in the military or not. The don’t ask, don’t tell policy was adopted during President Bill Clintons’ regime in the Year 1993. It prohibits openly accepting if one is a gay and it prohibits one being asked his sexual status when being recruited in the military. In my opinion, it is not resonant for open declaration that one is a gay since such declaration automatically discharges one from his duty in the military service. The main reason cited for this move was that, homosexuality destabilizes good order and it is against the good morals of the larger American society. Again many opinions have continued to emerge in regard to this policy. Some people have argued that this policy is selective and undermines basic freedom stipulated in the Bill of rights. Their argument being that this policy locks out patriots who would like to put

The Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of the UK Remaining in the Assignment

The Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of the UK Remaining in the EU - Assignment Example The UK has an important role in enhancing the EU's strength through its vast economic power that it has earned through its wide range of industrial-commercial and socio-cultural environmental factors (Jones, 2007). Its EU membership has, however, been cited to be one-sided, and thus has been termed detrimental to the region’s economy. The EU's total contribution to the improvement of Britains economy compared to the UK economy contribution is less significant. As a result, a referendum on opting out of our remaining in the EU for British citizens has been proposed as required by the EU (De Waele, 2005). Britain’s continued membership of the EU is very beneficial in terms of trade as it provides the UK with one of the largest single markets for its products. However, the costs seem to surpass the benefits. For instance, since 1979, Britain has paid about â‚ ¬260 billion to the EU and only received â‚ ¬97 back in benefits (De Waele, 2005). The essay examines why it is more beneficial for the UK to opt out of the EU than it is detrimental to the region’s economy. The exit of the UK from the EU zone is more beneficial to the region’s economic growth and development than it is detrimental to the economy. The UK spends ridiculously large amounts of money in the EU in terms of membership fees and other â€Å"hidden tariff† costs paid by the UK taxpayers due to red tape, waste, fraud and other factors. For instance, in 2014/15, a net payment of  £8.6 billion out of a total  £731 billion in public spending was paid into the EU budget by the UK (â€Å"UK Budget†, 2015). The amount of the money is far much less than the contribution the UK makes towards the development of roads and railways, which is  £5.2 billion and  £3 billion respectively. It also surpasses the jobseekers’ allowances that amounts to  £4.9 billion (â€Å"UK Budget†, 2015).

Class student dicussions answers week 2 Assignment

Class student dicussions answers week 2 - Assignment Example The concept of group thinking is not reflected on how the student argues that the government is not fully addressing the fire arm possession issue. It is important to understand a statement or question before responding to it in order to accurately answer it without diverging to issues out of topic. In explaining how the â€Å"you attitude† and the company’s credibility would be used in communicating the change from animal testing, Fedline hits the nail on the head by acknowledging that the company values concerns by its customers. This shows that the company has employed the â€Å"you attitude† in putting first the customers as most valuable stakeholders in the company. The communication is very efficient since it is concluded by an encouragement to the customers to continue airing their views and providing feedback to the company. The second response to this concern by customers is also on point. The student makes it appear as if the company itself had similar plans. The student goes ahead to say that he would highlight on the new methods that the company would use without compromising on the quality of its products. This leads to an increased customer confidence in products. Communication via letters is also personal and direct. It is an effective way of responding to customer opinions since they are more likely to feel valued by the company. Joelena identifies a jargon in the article titled "Obama to Congress: 'We Are Not a Deadbeat Nation' ". The word â€Å"Deadbeat† is popularly used in North America and describes a person who is not in a position to pay a debt or meet his/her financial obligations. The word is effectively used if the target audience are Americans but ineffective to international reader who may not understand the word. Joelena has however not provided examples of an epithet nor a euphemism as required. The student proceeds to answer to the second question by showing how respect calls for a change in dialect as she talks to her spouse, children, friends and even strangers. The examples provided are effective and meaningful. Saraswathi begins answering the question by describing the meaning of an epithet, a euphemism and jargons before providing short but accurate examples of each. This answers the first part of the question in few words which are quite appropriate. The student however does not describe any situation which necessitates code switching in his daily encounters. Before deploying Windows 7 in an enterprise network environment, Anna believes that compatibility of existing software application and ability of employees in the organization to use the new system are important factors which must be considered. If this are not carefully considered, an enterprise might need to forego use of certain application which may be crucial in operation of day to day activities of an organization. Incompatible applications should be upgraded or changed in preparation to deploying Windows 7 in an enterprise network environment. Staff should be trained on how to use the new system. If they are not, productivity is set to drastically reduce. In response to the statement requiring a step which one would take on a reference computer and another on a technician computer when creating a custom image, Anna and Michael use technical terms to comprehensively address the issue at hand. The two

Scope and Kinds of Cyber Security Research Paper

Scope and Kinds of Cyber Security - Research Paper Example The researcher states that one can hardly imagine an activity that would not involve the computer and other digital equipment being used in digital devices. Their usage is furthermore visible in the organizational structures, both on managerial front, educational and governmental level. Having explained its dominance and presence all over in our surrounding, at the same time, it must be said that computing world which is an online world is a fragile one and is extremely vulnerable to the external threats and challenges. These threats come in form of security concerns. While it is an outer world where there is no restriction on anyone who may want to join the network of World Wide Web, it becomes imperative to create a security factor consideration which would enable safe operations. Since all kinds of activities are being performed over the computer and internet, ranging from private data exchange to financial records, governmental records, other documents of national security, centr al databases and various other elements, in such cases it becomes important to establish a mechanism that would ensure safer operations on the internet. Internet is being termed as one of the least equipped and least reliable source of communication when it comes to privacy and security. This has been proven in cases and forms of all kinds of breaches in different parts of the world from time to time. no bank, no individual, no organization , no website is safe from the attack of these insurgents who pose threat to the common flow of traffic across the board. Scope of cybersecurity: The scope of cybersecurity is a very large one and it finds its application in any place where there is computer and internet in function. It would find its usage in home applications, official applications, educational institutes, governmental, even in the aeroplanes where most of the transmission is done over computer and digital means, require safe coding methods. Anything that is on the board of onli ne interface is included in the scope of cybersecurity since it requires protection in one way or other. Even the domestic users of computer who may use it for ordinary online operations, require security and safety since any kind of malware or bug can penetrate into their computer and cause the desired damaged. The need for cybersecurity: Cyberworld is just like the society of human being. While over 3 billion people from across the world are on board on the digital interface, it does require patrolling and controlling of the entire traffic. Just like the society would need law and order, police control and patrol, in the same way a medium that has over 3 billion users would require a scheme which would ensure safe usage of internet and computers. With all kinds of operations subject to the usage of online resources, it is highly imperative to create a zone that is shielded with secure browsing of computers and the world of internet. Kinds of cybersecurity threats: Just like a phys ical society may face threats in different forms, the cyber world is no exception and it is faced with challenges and obstacles in various forms. These come in form of cybersecurity concerns.

Does Modern Wedding Cost Too Much Research Paper

Does Modern Wedding Cost Too Much - Research Paper Example Although there are special cases of societal icons that have broken records in spending millions of dollars in wedding events, general spending by average people has increased tremendously. This paper seeks to provide succinct evidence to support the fact that modern weddings cost too much. Interestingly, planning of wedding events has become a fully functional industry that generates millions of dollars every year. Certainly, this has been primarily caused by the increase of busy lifestyles and consequently less time to spend organizing for wedding events. Couples have increasingly preferred to opt for wedding organizing services since there is increased money flow and less time to spend it due to busy lifestyles. Although the exact cost of holding a wedding event ranges from one country to another Sherrie claims, â€Å"The price for a wedding in the U.S, is $ 26, 400† (Sherrie 14). It is also claimed that the wedding â€Å"Cost will increase about 2.3% over already high 200 5 prices† (Sherrie 13). Although these statistics were taken in 2005, it can be posited that at present, costs have actually gone up further. There is overwhelming evidence indicating that the costs of modern wedding are actually high. According to a report by Fox, â€Å"the national average costs of using a wedding planner is approximately $3500 to $4000. For some couples, hiring a wedding planner is a crucial part of their wedding preparation† (Fox n.p). With the stresses of modern lifestyles, it is easy to understand why many couple opt for a wedding planner, it simply offers a relief. Although hiring a wedding planner increases the costs of the wedding, the relief offered is justified. With more people preferring wedding planner service to organize their wedding events, wedding planning business continue to flourish and offer better services thereby increasing the costs further. Holding of wedding events calls for hiring of special ceremony sites that will offer the wedding a sense of uniqueness. Renting of the ceremony sites especially for the reception, assuming that appreciable number of weddings are held in church, has increased with time. This causes an increase in overall wedding costs considering that a large percentage of the wedding resources will be spent on hiring exclusive ceremony sites such as lucrative hotels and recreational centers. According to estimates by Alliance Trust â€Å"The largest proportion of the wedding cost is spent on the hire of the venue, catering and drinks, this alone can swallow around 33% of the total cost† (Alliance Trust web). Another important aspect worth consideration, a precursor to rising wedding costs, is the upward shift in wedding age. According to Alliance Trust, â€Å"Our calculations put the average cost at ?20,000 – an onerous amount which could well explain why couples are delaying a wedding until they are more financially secure† (Alliance Trust web). This is clear evid ence that the modern society appreciates the importance of weddings to the extent that they would defer the wedding to a later date so that they could afford the increased wedding costs. A brief analysis of trends in wedding costs conducted by Wong posits, â€Å"The average price tag that is fast approaching $30,000 represents a 73 percent increase during the past 15 years† (Wong web). It is interesting to note that such a rise in spending costs can be attributed to change in lifestyle, personal

Unconventional Monetary Policies of the Economic and Monetary Union Essay

Unconventional Monetary Policies of the Economic and Monetary Union - Essay Example The main body presiding over the decisions of the Union is the Eurosystem which consists of the governors of the European Central Bank (ECB) and National Central Banks (NCBs) of the seventeen member countries (European Central Bank, 2004). While the ECB has only a major share in deciding the policies of the EMU, it bears the whole of the responsibility of implementation of the EMU’s policies. The Governing Council of the EMU comprises the people voting over the prospective policies of the EMU. Each person has one vote of the common weight. Members of the council include the President, Vice-President and the four directors of the ECB, and the governors of the NCBs of each of the seventeen member countries thereby rendering the total number of Governing Council members twenty-three. Primary Objective The main objective of the EMU as described in article 105 of the Maastricht Treaty (Jenkins & Economist Intelligence Unit, 1992, p. 466) is the maintenance of price stability. The a rticle goes on to state that â€Å"Without prejudice to the objective of price stability, the ECB shall support the general economic policies in the Community with a view to contributing to the achievement of the Community†. The reasoning for the selection of this objective can be traced to the incentive for the formation of the ECB, which was the fear of rising in inflation due to the dominance of the Germans over the European economic landscape. Hence the EMU has a stated primary objective of keeping the average growth, over the Union countries, of the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices below two percent (Buti & Sapir, 2002). Monetary Policy In order to pursue this objective the EMU has to choose between the two main macroeconomic approaches. It can either concentrate on an Inflation Targeting approach where a clearly defined objective of numerical indicators of levels of inflation is to be pursued or it can adopt a monetary targeting framework where it expands its resourc es on influencing the monetary aggregate. So far the strategies adopted by the EMU have been described by economists as inclusive of certain aspects of both types of approach; a two-pillar approach. The first pillar in this approach is the money stock manipulation while the second pillar comprises the inflation control strategies. It has been evident for at least a decade that the monetary aggregate indicators do not correspond to the inflation rates which the monetary control purportedly affects (Bofinger, Reischle, & Scha?chter, 2001). The basis for this approach is the economic relation of the money stock to price stability represented by the Quantity Theory Equation (Mayer, 1990, p. 132): ?m = ?p + ?y – ?v Where ?: Change from one year to the next m: Money stock p : Price level y : Real GDP v : Velocity of stock However the equation and the corresponding monetary theory assume that the monetary base represents the M3 aggregate. This assumption has turned out to be incorre ct from the experience of the Euro area economies in the past decade.  

The Guy Code Essay Example for Free

The Guy Code Essay To be a man in many cultures to this day still means the same as it did years ago, it has not changed much due to men still wanting the power, respect, and holding on to that image of being better than the other man. It all begins when the young boy is taught to be a man and is no longer able to cry or show emotion. He then will be interested in wanting to be better and stronger than his fellow classmates. This turns into having the pressure not only from your father but from society in general to prove your masculinity. In some cases just to prove one the young men result in different kinds of acts of violence if not to them self’s then towards others. All in all some resort to other measures as to hold the act of silence just to fit in and feel they are holding on to what is said to be the guy code. Whatever it may be growing up in todays society being a man is not as simple as I assumed it once to be. I do believe there is a strong feeling of competing between most men, ranging from playing the best sports, having the most muscles, better jobs, nicer cars, etc. You would think it would be most likely to impress the ladies but I’m afraid it is more of trying to impress other males. Proving ones masculinity is rather quite interesting, being a woman I always saw these things happening I just never really looked into it till now. As we begin to ask ourselves where this battle begins in a young boys life that he is shown to start to act like a man, psychologist like William Pollack argue that from an early age boys are taught to refrain from crying to suppress their emotions, never to display vulnerability. With that being said when a boy is 4 or 5 he is still attached very much so to his mother which it completely normal, knowing that it is ok to cry when he gets a scrape or a cut to show emotion during a storm. It is when the child is around 9 years of age that he begins to hear those dreadful words â€Å"Be a man† that usually come from the mouths of the father/ father figure in the young boys life and his angle of seeing things takes a turn. He then is confronted with other boys in school, the teasing and the act of fitting in begins to take a major role in the boy’s life, it pushes the young boy to want to be tougher or cooler than the other boys in his school. It turns into somewhat of a ri sk as to what choice the young boy will take to begin to prove his manliness. We should not be shocked as to hear where most of these boys get these ideas from, most will get it from there fathers, others from coaches, teachers, uncles, etc. Maybe when they hear things coming from their fathers it seems to have a deeper effect on these young boys, trying to prove himself to the eyes of his father and make him proud of his little boy. The tougher and stronger you are the better you will be in life is how most males think in different cultures. As to coaches or P.E teachers putting ideas into the kid’s heads, push harder, throw further, swing faster! Giving them the impression that the tougher you are the more of a man you are, some coaches have gone as to extremes to call the boys wimps, sissys, feeling forced to take the hits and not showing emotion, just because that’s what men do. So they try harder to be better to prove them self’s to these older, influential men in their lives. There will always follow the pressure of a guy proving to himself as well as to his peers how much of a man he is. No guy wants to be called gay or any other word that will affect his masculinity obviously when he is trying to prove how much of a man he is. So they make sure they wear the right clothes, play the right sports, talk enough, and listen only when necessary. Basically anything that has to do with showing to much emotion goes out the window. If you ask a teenage boy what is the common put down he would most likely say the answer is that is so gay Not necessarily does this mean homosexuality but by being called gay is being used as a kind of way to say you are not masculine enough. In the article it mentions that most men despite them proving there masculinity to impress a woman they strive to out show themselves in front of other men more. It’s like they want to have each other’s approval more than anything. Some guys take proving there masculinity very serious and when they feel the respect or taunting of their masculinity is at risk they turn to desperate measures that most times involve an act of violence. Regardless if it may be towards the person challenging their manhood or towards themselves, in some young men being bullied about their sexuality sometimes results in them taking their own lives. I’ve herd of young boys having had enough with the teasing and bullying and decide to take their lives just to not go another day with other boys teasing them. When in other situations some men feel they need to prove just how powerful they are and seek a fight, while others watch just to show everyone just how strong they are resulting in them getting respect. This act of violence you will mostly see in thugs or gangsters. Others preform horrible acts of sexual violence among fellow members of a group, team or fraternity; this is what is called hazing the new members. At times takin g things too far and the frat guys end up hurting or even sending them to the hospital with savvier injuries. There is far worse scenario when these college guys preform sexual acts toward woman and others watch but go by the act of silence and not report the crimes and are lead to believe that they are men and shall not tell on one another. If one as parent raised their young boy different maybe things would be easier on him. One would think but in today’s society what is taught at home will only do so much before the young boy is exposed to the reality of how men are in this world. I could go on and on to my son about how he can be his own man and express himself in the manner he chooses to, but once he steps out the door he will be confronted with other kids and that is when the urge to want to be better the only way he will be taught through these boys. So instead maybe one as a parent kind of ends up having no choice but to start at home and hope that what we teach our boys will guide them to be a good man with good standards. In conclusion proving you are a man in today’s society seems to be very stress full and at times might take a toll on a few of these young boy’s. Maybe it is wrong how society is and the pressure these young boys face. It has been this way for many years and I highly doubt the presumption of what it takes to be a man will change any time soon. It was interesting to learn how the minds of guys think. The power, respect, and pride in these men just to follow the so called â€Å"guy code† is very amazing but just how far will these boys and men go to prove there masculinity? Leaves me to think how my son’s will be and grow up to become after having had lived through school, college and work experiences.

Buddhism In East Asian Culture History Essay

Buddhism In East Asian Culture History Essay Buddhism is a mixture between a religion and a philosophy compromised of various beliefs, practices, and traditions. Although Buddhism had originally derived from India, it has come to be more associated with East Asian cultures, mainly China and Korea. Nevertheless, these two countries do not completely share the same doctrines; they are not identical. Each region received and accepted Buddhism in a different manner, as they already had their own religion deeply rooted. For instance, the Chinese had embraced the principles of Confucianism and Daoism, and the Koreans believed in Shamanism, the indigenous religion that emphasized spiritual rites and nature. Therefore, it was inevitable that the introduction of Buddhism to these three East Asian countries were not accepted at once. Nevertheless, China and Korea gradually coalesced and adopted Buddhism with their native religious faiths and ethical beliefs. The contributions of Buddhism resulted in overall advancements in both China and Korea. In spite of the conflict that was encountered by the introduction of Buddhism into the already dynamic religions, the principles of Buddhism ultimately conglomerated with the preexisting religions to produce enhancements in China and Korea in various aspects such as _____. Buddhism was born in India. It first spread to China, and then to Korea. It is said that it is uncertain when or how the Chinese first came into contact with Buddhism, but according to the official tradition, Buddhism seems to have reached China by 100 C.E. (de Bary,415 420). Therefore, it can be surmised that the religion was first introduced when Buddhist worshipers came into China from India. Then, Buddhism made its way across China and to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. And because Koguruo is closes to China and is actually bordered by China, it was naturally the first kingdom introduced to Buddhism in 372 C.E. For the same reason of geographical locations, Paekche received Buddhism second in 384 C.E., and finally Silla, much later in 527 C.E. (Lee, 34). Both China and Korea were influenced by the receiving of Buddhism from India; yet because the time period in which they received it, and the order they received it differs, In China, Buddhism was not easily accepted for it met opposition with firm believers of Confucianism and Daoism. It was ultimately acknowledged after having found a mutual premise, and was considered one of the Three Religions among Confucianism and Daoism. However, it was not easy for Buddhism to wrestle against the prevailing religions. For instance, for the conservative and orthodox Chinese, they could not understand why they had to shave their heads and conform to these foreign ways. The Confucians held that the body is the gift of ones parents and that to harm it is to be disrespectful toward them. (de Bary 423). It was one of the requirements for all members of the Buddhist clergy to shave their heads; however, it was met with aversion from the Chinese for they believed that they should not injure any parts of their body. Certain ideas of Buddhism such as the practice of shaving heads were seen as too different for the Chinese to adhere to. Nevertheless, as mentioned previously, Buddhism was eventually adopted by the Chinese. The turning points of these oppositions were the works of Mouzi, a Chinese author who believed that it was possible to be a good Chinese and a good Buddhist at the same time, that there is no fundamental conflict between the two ways of life, and that the great truths preached by Buddhism are preached, if in somewhat different language, by Confucianism and Daoism as well. (de Bary 422). He claimed that people should not have to decide on one religion, but that certain aspects of both sides can be drawn and implemented together. Mouzi also stated that the Chinese should not reject Buddhism for its differences, but rather embrace the ideas that do not conflict with their own. (de Bary 425). Additionally, he discovered that there are similarities between the Three Religions regarding their practices and beliefs. For instance, when asked about the concept of Immortality and how to achieve it, Mouzi exp lained: Talk to immortality is superstitious and unfounded; it is not the word of the sages. Laozi said, Even Heaven and Earth cannot last forever. How much less can human beings!Confucius said, The wise man leaves the world, but humaneness and filial piety last forever.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Yao died; Shun had his [place of burial at] Mount Cangwu; Yu has his tomb on Kuaijià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦To speak of immortality, is this not a great error? (de Bary 426). Mouzi gave examples of the teachings of each religious leader, and proved how immortality in all aspects of religions does not exist. He had replied that neither Buddhism nor Daoism nor any other great leader can provide the route to immortality. With his philosophies, Mouzi was able to slowly connect the Buddhist doctrine to the indigenous, traditional ways of Confucianism and Daoism. The people of China ultimately accepted Buddhism after all of the obstacles and resistance. In Korea, Buddhism was introduced by a Chinese monk to each of the three Kingdoms: first to Koguryu, then to Paekche, then finally to Silla. The Buddhist religion was not received easily by the Koreans, but was met with less hostility than the Chinese. The kingdom of Silla was the most isolated region of the three, and was not yet prepared to accept Buddhist doctrine. The people of Silla held strongly onto their original values and ways of life. (Lee 42). For instance, the twenty-third king of Silla was a monk named Popkong who wanted to spread Buddhism throughout his kingdom. However, his suggestion was greeted by dispute and discrepancy by his ministers. His ministers were against the idea of erecting a building for a monastery when the kingdom of Silla was undergoing hardships due to the lack of crop production and the ongoing battles with neighboring states. (Lee 42). Eventually King Popkong got his wish, Buddhist dieties were spread, and the first monastery was established durin g King Popkongs reign. However, this obstacle was overcome with great sacrifice by the Grand Secretary, who put his life at risk to try to prove to the ministers of Buddhism as the eternal religion. (Lee 42). After the Grand Secretary sacrificed himself, strange things began to happen in the heavens. The sun darkened, wonderful flowers rained from heaven, and the earth trembled violentlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lee, 43). And with these signs, the king and his officials decided to take an oath to worship the Buddha. Buddhism eventually spread to the three Kingdoms and coalesced with Shamanism, which was Koreas deeply rooted religion, in order to construct a novel belief system that connected the Buddhist idols and the Shamanisms Holy Mother. (Lee, 51). For instance, trees in the Forest of the Heavenly Mirror felled in order to build a monastery. (Lee, 43). The quote above perfectly exemplifies how room was finally made for this new religion called Buddhism in Korean culture in which the tree s represent Shamanism, and the monastery represents Buddhism. Overall, the integration of Buddhism into Korean religion happened more abruptly than in China for the leaders of Korea had legally established Buddhism as its state religion. After struggles, Buddhism finally won the hearts of _____.After Buddhist beliefs have been accepted by the Chinese, Buddhism seemed to have impacted the Chinese in various ways. The coming of Buddhism to China was an event of far-reaching importance in the development of Chinese thought and culture and of Buddhism itself (de Bary 415). First of all, Buddhism brought forth to China a new way of thinking, and opened the minds of its people as it gave the Chinese different perspectives. Also, the influence of Buddhism was great during the unification of northern and southern China Buddhism played an important role in influencing the Chinese people, and had affected their ways and beliefs in areas such as aesthetics, literature, medicine, and philosophy. Buddhism had a great impact on China through its acceptance in Korea, for China The message of Chinese Buddhism to Korea was______________. Buddhism played an important role in influencing the Korean people, and had affected their ways and beliefs in areas such as aesthetics, literature, medicine, and philosophy. Although Silla was the latest recipient, Silla prospered the most from Buddhist doctrine It is important to understand the What contributions did Buddhism make to East Asian culture? What obstacles did it have to overcome, and how did the native culture respond?

Culture of Fear Essay example -- Frank Furedi Western Culture Essays

Culture of Fear Culture of Fear, by Frank Furedi, is a book that looks at how widespread fear impacts Western cultures like the United States and Great Britain. Frank Furedi believed that society tends to panic too much, as we actually enjoy "an unprecedented level of safety." I admit that Frank Furedi's novel is based upon a novel concept, and an interesting one at that. However, Frank Furedi comes off to me as little more than a fear monger and an intellectual elitist. His book, to me, seems redundant more often than not. But sometimes part of college is learning about points of view that you may not agree with, so I tried to maintain that perspective when I read the book. Our assignment for class was to read the book, and every week or so we would write a reading log about a particular chapter. This was beyond a doubt a very difficult assignment for me. It involved reading a book I neither liked nor understood completely, and the writing logs seemed to never end. It was kind of a drag writing every week, and I usually procrastinated until the day it was due. The saving grace of the assignment was that the reading logs were informal, and for that I am grateful to my professor. I suspect that a major point in having regular logs was for all of us in class to have practice in regularly writing. The other point was to help us understand the concepts behind analyzing texts. We were given the liberty to write any random thought that we could conceive. Spelling and grammar did not count, and I believe that as long as we used thought and effort, then the teacher was satisfied. As a result, my logs are indeed far from professional. There may be occasional spelling errors, some swearing, and some pretty damn bizarre thoughts. ... ...n't paranoid of HIV, then this could happen, just one of the many cases of HIV infected people infecting many other people: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1111/is_n1778_v297/ai_20952867 Political correctness was also mentioned. I think many people, especially in white America, are sick of PC. While America is a big melting pot, it would be nice if there was a lot more conformity. At least make English the official language. In post-9/11 America, racial profiling in under the gun. People say we can't use it because it isn't PC. I say fuck PC. If you take all emotion out of the situation, and focus on statistical fact and scientific information, then if racial profiling works, why take away a successful tool from law enforcement? Most middle-easterners are not terrorists, but most terrorists are middle-easterners. What's wrong with acknowledging that?

The Influence of Greek Thought on Modern Science and Mathematics Essay

The Influence of Greek Thought on Modern Science and Mathematics Parallels can be drawn from Greek thought and compared to today’s modern world views. This comparison also brings forth the influences of the Greek philosophies to the world’s contemporary aspects. More specifically, mathematics and science elicit the relationships of the ancient Greek beliefs and the existing theories and truths. Mathematics, as it relates to the Greek era and the present time, had created and still creates a very new approach to the thoughts of the mechanics of nature. For instance, Pythagoras, the Greek mathematician and philosopher, believed the physical world would be explained by numbers. He used his theory of numbers and applied them to the phenomena of â€Å"harmony.† Using the strings of a lyre, Pythagoras explained his theory through his application of mathematical ratios for the principles of musical intervals. He also believed that there was a â€Å"perfect† number, 3, defines Harmony and the â€Å"All,† while the â€Å"virtue of a number† is 10, for it â€Å"perfects and realizes all things . . . ...

ebonics Essay example -- essays research papers

Ebonics means 'black speech' (a blend of the words ebony 'black' and phonics 'sounds'). The phrase was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who disliked the negative connotations of terms like 'Nonstandard Negro English' that had been coined in the 1960s when the first modern large-scale linguistic studies of African American speech communities began. However, the term Ebonics never caught on amongst linguists, much less among the general public. That all changed with the 'Ebonics' controversy of December 1996 when the Oakland (CA) School Board recognized it as the 'primary' language of its majority African American students and resolved to take it into account in teaching them standard or academic English. Clearly there is a problem with these children that may be addressed by looking at language. The role that Ebonics may play in changing the above statistics is a practical question. Only the completion of a program including Ebonics, and time, will reveal the answer. Whatever the basic agenda in Oakland California, it is important to look at the question of Ebonics from the point of view of doing what is best for children. Acknowledging the strength of Ebonics in no way suggests teaching Ebonics in place of Standard English. Acknowledging the strength of Ebonics can and should serve to ease the teaching of Standard English. Many people see Ebonics as "gutter language", and "slang", and are quite outspoken about it. These beliefs are deeply rooted in society. Resistance to the acknowledgment that Blacks who use Ebonics may be speaking a unique language is very strong, but I believe it is important to challenge the belief that Ebonics is "slang". Some peop le have stated that the movement to recognize Ebonics is Afro-Centrism at its worst. I would argue that the attempts to squelch Ebonics are Euro-Centrism at its worst and most intense. Ebonics includes non-slang words like ashy (referring to the appearance of dry skin, especially in winter), which have been around for a while, and are used by people of all age groups. These distinctive Ebonics pronunciations are all logical. For example, Ebonics speakers often create sentences without present tense is and are, as in " They allright or "They allright". But they don't leave out present tense am. Instead of the ungrammatical *"Ah walkin", Eboni... ...uite different and that the conditions necessary for the emergence of a fully-fledged creole language were never met in the US. These scholars have shown on a number of occasions that what look like distinctive features of AAVE today actually have a precedent in various varieties of English spoken in Great Britain and the Southern United States. It seems reasonable to suggest that both views are partially correct and that AAVE developed to some extent through restructuring while it also inherited many of its today distinctive features from older varieties of English, which were once widely spoken. While the situation in this case is made more extreme by the context of racial and ethnic conflict, inequality and prejudice in the United States, it is not unique. Such undecided attitudes towards abnormal varieties of a language have been documented for many communities around the world and in the United States. References: Smitherman, G. (1991). Talking and testifyin: Black English and the Black experience. In Reginald Jones (Ed.) Black Psychology.(3rd ed., pp. 249-268). Berkeley, CA: Cobb & Henry Spears, A. K. (1984). Towards a new view of Black English. The Journal, 1, 94-103.

Lenovo’s Five Industry Forces Essay

In recent years, competition in the IT market economy has turned fierce. To survive competition, all organizations need to be fully aware of the prevailing business environment and industrial forces to ensure that their products conform to the customer’s expectations as the taste and choice of the customer changes rapidly over time. Lenovo has utilized unique competitive marketing strategy over the years to achieve rapidly increasing share of the market. Its products are reliable, durable and of high quality, but there is always a great deal of threat from leading competitors in the market. Recent weakening of the US economy, falling dollar value and fierce competition among rivals are some of the irritants to Lenovo’s growth. As a global leader in the PC market, Lenovo’s success rests on its ability to deliver consumer centric innovations in products that deliver a blend of mobility, performance and price. Analysis of marketing research data so collected indicate that all organizations need to be in touch with their business market environment and feel the pulse and ever changing expectations of customers. Lenovo is a business that is built on product innovation, a highly efficient global supply chain and strong strategic execution. Its products range from exceptionally engineered laptops, ultrabooks, tablets, desktops and servers. According to research, for businesses to understand adequately the nature of the competition and the industry forces that they face, they must define their market accurately by recognizing a broad base of its competitors. Major dominating competitors of Lenovo’s personal computers division are Apple Inc., Hewlett-Packard and Dell. Lenovo’s strategy is to develop latest PC’s that are efficient, light in weight with latest features and of course with low competing price as there is cut throat competition in the market. With innovativeness, entrepreneurial spirit and teamwork across various cultures, Lenovo has captured the global market and positioned itself within a short life span as a next generation global company of PC’s. The general state of national as well as international economies effect profoundly the performance and prosperity of a company as economies are rarely stable and ï ¬â€šuctuate quite often. Poor economic conditions make the environment more complex and managers’ jobs more difficult and demanding. The global recession that occurred in 2009 and the fall in global demand and the slow down in economic growth translated into a substantial reduction in global trade. As we already know, it affected the cross-border trade of virtually all countries and economic sectors and some industries are still battling with high inflation. Research shows that while Lenovo’s rivals are outsourcing, its in-house production has helped Lenovo stay upbeat with the competition by lowering their prices which is a key advantage to grow economically. Technology development impacts substantially on people’s lives and companies’ fortunes. In a highly competitive global marketplace all organizations need to be fully aware of the prevailing business environment and at the same time ensure that their products are upcoming conforming to the customer’s expectations that change rapidly over time. Lenovo has utilized unique competitive marketing strategy over the years to achieve rapidly increasing share of the IT market by introducing new and innovative products to its consumers including the state of the art portable lightweight notebooks, tablets and thinkpads. Customer behavior is influenced by sociocultural background such as use of language, use of colors, presentation styles and acceptance and trust inspired by the presented product. In addition, the earning capacity of the target customer group also determines their buying behavior. Lenovo have a strong foundation in place having established their products available worldwide exclusively for customers from different sociocultural and income level backgrounds Taking a cue from the demographic segmentation, manufacturers can design products that are relevant to a majority of the target market. The changing lifestyle trends require innovating or transforming the existing product to keep up with their needs. Changes in populations in terms of their size and characteristics are thus very important to managers as it helps to predict the size and growth rates of markets, and the need for specific products. Lenovo originated in China and has expanded its operations worldwide by focusing on the demographics of different countries by targeting younger generation for their latest X1 Carbon which is their latest light design ThinkPad. Lenovo’s growth also comes from small towns, not just big cities Political and legal environment inï ¬â€šuences the marketing decisions since business functions as per the set rules by the concerned government (s). China may be the second largest trading partner of the U.S., but the road to this increasingly close relationship has not been an easy one. Despite the differences in political systems in the two countries: centralized political system in China and a federalist political system in US, business interactions between the Lenovo and it US partners as well as customers has grown overtime. Lenovo has utilized this to its advantage to stay competitive in the IT market by utilizing cheap labor and other operational costs from China and relying on advanced technological from its US partners. Thereby, Lenovo is able to supply superior quality laptops, tablets to its customer’s world-wide a relatively lower price. Lenovo is one of the fastest growing PC companies today and it is an excellent choice of industry to enter in. According to research, as per its sale records in the market, it is considered the world’s second-largest PC vendor serving customers in more than 160 countries. Lenovo has built its business on product innovation, efficient global supply chain and strong strategic execution. Even in tough and highly competitive environment, the company is thriving well reaffirming that the company is executing its plans well and it continues to deliver excellent industrial growth. Lenovo excelled in their business since in the last year as they earned $8 billion in revenue and $141 million as net profit. This year company is progressing aggressively as Lenovo’s first quarter recorded highest market share of 15 percent and profits up by 30 percent. They are taking appropriate risks by introducing new products to the target market and it looks like they have adopted the business concept very well. Given Lenovo’s continued growth over the past several years, I do believe that it is a good industry to enter. In order to make right business decisions, Lenovo seems to have carried out extensive research and analysis on demographic segmentation in identifying the target population for it various products across the globe. As such Lenovo has in its cabinet a product matching with varied tastes, preferences, beliefs, temperaments, price etc. of different population groups. Depending upon the population strata targeted it has devised specific marketing strategies. References Fletcher, Owen. (October 13, 2011). Lenovo passes Dell to become world’s No 2 PC maker. MarketWatch, The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.marketwatch.com/story/lenovo-passes-dell-to-become-worlds-no-2-pc-maker-2011-10-13 Loretta Chao. (July 9, 2012). As Rivals Outsource, Lenovo Keeps Production In-House. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.ecommercejobs.com/2012/07/lenovo.pdf Ling, Zhijun (2005). The Lenovo affair: the growth of China’s computer giant and its takeover of IBM-PC. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://books.google.com/books?id=Mg7TdU9E3d0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Wang, et.al. The Strategic Marketing Management Analysis of Lenovo Group. The Journal of Global Business Management. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.jgbm.org/page/19%20Wang%20Wen%20Cheng%20.pdf Jones, Gareth R. and George, Jennifer M. (2013). Essential of Contemporary Management. Pg 126-129. Lenovo. Retrieved on November 10, 2012, from http://www.lenovo.com The future is here – Lenovo. (July 1, 2010) Retrieved on November 10 2012, from http://www.lenovo.com/ww/lenovo/pdf/report/E_099220100628a.pdf

Application of relevant principles and values Essay

In this assignment I will be writing a report explaining how the application of relevant principles and values will allow professionals to provide holistic support for individuals, such as John and Amina, who use social services. Empowerment- Empowerment means giving individuals a good amount of information regarding themselves so that they are able to have a say in decision making and choices about their own life. This is what is happening in John’s life as he very happy remaining in his own council flat even though it would make much sense for him to be put into a care home, where he can be cared for at all times but his decision is that he wants to live on his own he will not be forced to do anything but he can only receive information that he needs about things that he can do whenever he is ready. This benefits John in the way that it will lift his self-esteem. Making him feel empowered will make him feel that his say matters and that his thoughts and feelings are not bein g ignored. it will make him feel as if he is being respected and still considered as a responsible human being. As for the professional staff supporting him, enabling John to feel empowered may make them feel like they are enhancing productivity and collaboration by working together with him. It may give them a sense of shared purpose. Promotion of choice- This is encouraging that all individuals need to be able to select, either independently or with assistance, things like options and activities which are specifically for them. Choice can be promoted by explaining to the individual what is important to them and might not be to others. In Amina’s case she wants to study at university and this is her own choice and something that she really wants to do and no one can stop her from wanting that. Promotion of rights- This would be acknowledging and respecting somebody’s individuality. This includes confidentiality, discrimination, age and race. John seems as if he isn’t having problems concerning his rights because his neighbours seems to be trying their best to help him instead of discriminating against or seeing him as annoying because of his age. The promotion of choice and rights will benefit Amina because she will feel as if she is being acknowledg ed and that the steps are taken regarding her health are entirely up to hers and that she is not just going by what other people think. It also means that Amina can say or do what she wants and is entitled and not feel as if it is okay because she has  already been told that she will not be judged or ridiculed. This will make carers feel satisfied in knowing that they are doing their job right and being fair to the service user. Recognition of service users- This is just recognising a vulnerable person’s preferences. if this is acknowledged it makes working together easier. individuals like John may wish to state his preferences regarding the type of support that he wishes to receive, such as if a carer comes to his house on certain days of the week to check on him however he might not be comfortable with this being every day. The benefit of this is that it may give John the sense that he is still living independently despite of all the help that he may be receiving. It is important that he is not made to feel like everyone is making a big deal over him. It is important that he feels he is still allowed to stay in control of his daily life and activities. Carers may benefit from this by feeling like their job is made easier because if John is feeling independent the chances are that he will be a pleasure to work with. Involvement of individuals in planning their support- This is a person-centred approach to care. This means that care is focused on the individual to ensure that independence and autonomy are promoted. Care workers should not make decisions without discussing and consulting the individual which is involved. For example, John wouldn’t suddenly be informed that he is being moved into a care home without his own consent. Both John and the care worker benefit from this because they engage in conversation. John benefits out of this because, he is stating what he really wants as this is all about him, his interests and abilities so this means they have his best interest at heart and will provide him with what he is asking for. The care worker may benefit from this because collecting this information will help them long term as they are finding out things about John which they may have never really need. Respect for religious beliefs, moral beliefs, values and care- There is a diverse range of backgrounds in Britain and this means there is a wide range of behaviours and beliefs which should be recognised and valued. Living and working in a culturally and socially diverse society can benefit us because we are exposed to many different kinds of people and we learn from them and enjoy the things that they may have to share. For example, Amina would benefit if she was to be sent a duty social worker originally from South Africa and she may really get along with him/her  because they might always tell great stories about South Africa and its wildlife and in turn the social worker may enjoy hearing Aminas stories about where and how she grew up, she would enjoy these visits from social services and would probab ly feel less like she is being interrogated all the time. This benefits both Amina and the duty social worker because they are both socialising and may gain new found interests. Anti-discriminatory practice- Discrimination is caused by prejudice and that leads to negative behaviour. It is to treat someone differently because of their class or background without regard to the individual. Examples include, social, racial, religious, sexual, disability, ethnic and age related discrimination. There is also a danger of stereotyping or making assumptions about people because of the above factors, for example people may stereotype against an individual like John because he is older. The anti-discriminatory practice benefits John because it means that he doesn’t have to worry about being discriminated against. The anti-discriminatory practice makes sure that an individual like John doesn’t suffer from discrimination which means that his physical and psychological needs are not being ignored as discrimination leads to stress which coul d make his dementia worse. The care worker benefits from this because it means that there is less risk of John’s health deteriorating. Holistic approach- This would be considering all of a person’s needs and providing opportunities for the needs to be met. This includes physical, intellectual, emotional and social needs. Even though Amina has enough physical needs, this should not be the only thing that is being paid attention to. Perhaps her social well-being should also be acknowledged , this can be done by social workers suggesting things to her such as clubs where she can be involved in playing chess with her peers every once or twice a week. This would benefit Amina because it will mean that her mind will work better for a reasonable amount of time and it means that not only one part of her whole self is being considered. This will make the care worker feel as if they are doing their job properly because providing care for Aminas PIES means taking care of her as a whole. Working in partnersh ip- This would be different health and social care agencies working together. Sharing good practice contributes to the support of vulnerable individuals. For example, when it comes to supporting John, the social worker and the doctor need to work together in order to share ideas  and suggestions regarding John’s health support plan. This benefits John because many people working together to provide care for him means that there will be more options for him since everyone has a say and there are more suggestions for him. This benefits the care worker because they are not working on their own, they have others to help them out and share each other’s ideas, that some people on their own wouldn’t have been able to put together. A multi-disciplinary/inter-agency approach- This is different professions and services co-operating so that certain problems are avoided when planning support. Different options can be considered and resources can be offered to be included in the support plan in order for things to run smoothly for individuals like John, they may arrange to refer him to local authorities and various organisations such as age concern in order for him to receive the best support. This also means that he will never run short of anything or people around him. This will provide a better outcome coming from the care workers as their job is made simpler because a well organised multi-disciplinary team can help avoid duplication of roles and conflicts of responsibilities between the different agencies, support plan manager and John himself. Confidentiality- This means that an individual has a right to privacy and control over their personal details. if the individual has trusted you enough for them to reveal their information, it is important to keep information provided by the individual confidential, it is also legal requirement. Sometimes this information needs to be passed on to another professional in John’s case, his doctor may need to pass on some information to his duty social worker but this must not be done unbeknownst to him. This benefits John because it means that sometimes he can let all of his thoughts out in confidence to somebody that he trusts and can feel as if a weight has been lifted of his shoulders this is because sometimes it is good to talk to someone about how you are feeling as it will help his emotional needs. This benefits the care worker because John opening up to them may make it easier for them to help him, advise him and hear his cry for help without having to wonder what he is really thinking. Fulfilling responsibilities- Care workers must follow the policies and procedures of the place in which they are employed and they must take full responsibility because they signed a contract. By doing this, they are safeguarding individuals like John who are in their care and are being good role models. This will also ensure that  people like John feel like they are actually being heard and that they are not alone and their needs are being fully met. This also benefits the care workers themselves because if John is satisfied then that gives them the heads up that they are meeting his needs and that they didn’t come into the job to be unhelpful and a disappointment.

Aspirin Experiment

Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen INTRODUCTION: Synthesis and use of organic compounds is an extremely important area of modern chemistry. Approximately half of all chemists work with organic chemicals. In everyday life, many if not most of the chemicals you come in contact with are organic chemicals. Examples include drugs, synthetic fabrics, paints, plastics, etc. Synthesis of Aspirin and Methyl Salicylate. The two compounds we will be preparing, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate), are both organic esters.An ester is a compound that is formed when an acid (containing the COOH group) reacts with an alcohol (a compound containing an -OH group). O C R1 O H O + H O C R2 R1 O R2 + H O H acid alcohol ester water Here R1 and R 2 represent groups such as CH3 – or CH3 CH2 -. The reaction type shown above may be called a condensation reaction because the small molecule H 2 O is eliminated from the reactants while the remaining bits of t he reactant condense together to give the main product. This reaction may also be called an esterification, since the product of the reaction is an ster, a compound containing the CO2 R group (see chapter 11 for definitions of acids, esters, and alcohols). Esters usually have pleasant, fruit-like odors and are the chemicals responsible for the odors and flavors of many fruits (oranges, bananas, pineapples) and flowers. In most cases, such natural products get their properties from a mixture of organic compounds. In this experiment you will prepare two esters of o-hydroxybenzoic acid, more commonly known as salicylic acid. One of the esters, acetylsalicylic acid, is aspirin, the common analgesic. We will synthesize aspirin by mixing salicylic acid with acetic anhydride.The second ester product is oil of wintergreen, or methyl salicylate, which we prepare by allowing salicylic acid to react with methyl alcohol. This compound, which has a familiar odor is used as a flavoring agent and in rubbing ointments. Both of these reactions are shown below. Preparation of acetylsalicylic acid H H C C H C H C C C C O O H O H + O H3C H3C C O C O H H+ H H C C C H C C C C O O O C O CH3 + O C H3C O H H salicylic acid acetic anhydride acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) acetic acid Preparation of methyl salicylate H H C C H C H C C C C O O H O H + H O H H CH3 H+ H C C C C C C HO H + O H H O C O CH3 salicylic acid methanol methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) water This experiment illustrates several properties of organic synthesis. While both product compounds in the experiment are esters of the same compound (salicylic acid), they are quite different in structure. Aspirin involves a reaction of the -OH group of salicylic acid, while methyl salicylate involves a reaction of the COOH group of salicylic acid. Organic chemistry is the broad field of studying the tremendous variety of such reactions of organic functional groups. Purification by Recrystallization.After preparing the aspi rin, we will purify it. Most solids can be purified by recrystallization, at a cost of lower percent yield. Recrystallization is usually done by dissolving the substance in a suitable solvent, which is hot. If insoluble particles are present, the hot solution is filtered to remove them (we will skip this hot filtration step). The solution is allowed to cool slowly, and is eventually cooled in ice. The crystals that form slowly are more pure than the original solid. Characterization by Melting Point. A simple characterization technique that can be very useful in determining purity is melting point.It does not, however, tell much about the identities of the impurities. Pure materials usually have characteristic temperatures at which they melt, or a narrow temperature range (less than one degree) over which they melt. Impure compounds usually melt at a lower temperature, over a wider range. HAZARDS: Both acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid are reactive chemicals that can produce a serio us burn on contact with the skin, and are irritating to the eyes. In case of contact with these chemicals, wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water. Do not dispose of any chemicals down the sink. Instead use the waste containers provided.NOTE: The aspirin you will make is impure and must not be taken internally! LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS AND DATA: Be sure you make plenty of good qualitative observations, noting initial colors, odors, etc. , and any changes that occur during the experiment. Clearly label all numerical data. We will spend a little over one class day on this lab. In the first day, you need to prepare and recrystallize your aspirin. If time permits, you can also prepare the methyl salicylate. If not, this can wait until the second day when you will also take melting points of your crude and purified aspirin samples.PROCEDURE: Synthesis of aspirin. Weigh out approximately 2. 1 g of salicylic acid (record exact mass), and transfer it to a clean, dry 6 inch test tube. Us e the dispenser to carefully add 3 mL of acetic anhydride (density = 1. 08 g/mL) to the salicylic acid. Then add 3 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2 SO4 , to the reaction mixture (it acts as a catalyst and speeds up the reaction). Put the test tube in a beaker of boiling water in a hood and heat for five minutes after most of the solid has dissolved. Stir the mixture with a glass rod to break up any lumps.Pour the contents of the test tube into a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 25 mL of water. Swirl the flask for a few minutes to mix the solutions and get rid of any unreacted acetic anhydride. (The acetic anhydride reacts with water to produce acetic acid. ) Place the flask in an ice bath and watch for a white solid to crystallize out. Occasionally a reaction will yield an oily product that resists crystallization. If that happens, scratch the bottom and sides of the flask with a glass stir rod to help start crystal formation, or warm the mixture just until the oil dissolves , and then re-cool.Allow 10 minutes for crystallization to occur. Meanwhile put a wash bottle of distilled water in some ice and prepare a Buchner funnel. Filter the solid, being sure to use a trap flask between the Buchner funnel flask and the aspirator. Wash the solid with a small amount of cold distilled water. Discard the liquid filtrate in the designated waste container. Pre-weigh an empty watch glass, then scrape your aspirin product off the filter paper onto the watch glass. Record this yield of crude aspirin. Use a bit of the solid product to pack a melting point capillary tube to use the second week to find the melting point of your crude product.Recrystallization of the crude aspirin to form pure aspirin Put 15-20 mL of distilled water on a hot plate to begin warming. Dissolve your crude aspirin product in about 5 mL of 95% ethanol in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. If some of your aspirin fails to dissolve, do the following: Prepare a warm water bath by using a beaker of water (about 50 mL in a 250 mL beaker), using a hot plate to heat the water bath. DO NOT USE A FLAME OR BUNSEN BURNER THE ETHANOL IS FLAMMABLE. Warm the Erlenmeyer flask containing the aspirin and ethanol in the warm water bath.When the aspirin has dissolved, add 15 mL of warm distilled water (50 o C approximately). If any crystals form at this point, reheat the mixture in the water bath to re-dissolve them. Let the solution cool slowly, with the mouth of the flask covered by a watch glass. When it is at room temperature, place it into the ice bath and leave it there a full ten minutes. After crystallization is complete, filter the crystals in a Buchner funnel, wash them with a little ice cold distilled water (put your squeeze bottle in the ice), and suction for several minutes. Discard the liquid filtrate in the designated waste container.Scrape the solid into a pre-weighed beaker and put in your drawer, lightly covered with a tissue. Do not cover it tightly because we want your product to finish drying until the next class period. You will need to get a final mass of this purified aspirin after allowing it to dry for a day. You will also take a melting point of the purified aspirin. When finished with the experiment, place your aspirin product in a test tube and stopper it. Label the test tube with your name, the name of the compound, and the date. Your instructor will collect this product. Synthesis of methyl salicylate.Place 0. 5 g of salicylic acid and 3 mL of methyl alcohol in a large test tube. Add 2 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid and then place the test tube in the hood in a water bath at 70 o C for 15 minutes. The boiling point of methyl alcohol is 64. 6 o C, so point the mouth of the tube away from others and avoid overheating, to minimize â€Å"bumping†. Note the odor before and after heating. Allow your methyl salicylate to cool to room temperature, then stopper the test tube. Add a label with your name, the compound name, and the date. Your instructor will collect this product.Determination of the Melting Point of your aspirin. You should already have a capillary tube packed with your impure aspirin. Now pack a tube with your pure aspirin. Put your two tubes in the melting point apparatus and slowly heat your samples. Record the temperature at which each starts to melt and the temperature at which it has all melted. (Your instructor will give you more instruction on these procedures. ) RESULTS: Calculate the theoretical yield of aspirin from the balanced equation given in the introduction. You will need to add up molar masses by counting the atoms shown in the structures.Be sure to determine the limiting reagent, either salicylic acid or acetic anhydride. You will need to use acetic anhydride’s density, 1. 08 g/mL. Show this work clearly in your report. Watch significant figures and units. Also report the masses of your crude and purified aspirin samples, and the percent yield of your final, purified aspirin. DI SCUSSION: Describe what your melting points say about the purity of your initial crude product and your recrystallized product. Pure aspirin has a melting point of 135o , while salicylic acid has a melting point of 157-159o .Impure compounds normally have lower melting points and broader melting ranges than if pure, even if the impurity would have a higher melting point itself. List all the compounds that could be mixed in with your aspirin product as impurities, i. e. all reactants, solvents, and other products. You should have six compounds besides aspirin. Briefly describe the source of each compound. Considering factors such as limiting reagent (which you just calculated), and procedural steps which may have removed some of these compounds, which compound(s) do you think are most likely to contaminate your aspirin product? ExplainQUESTIONS: 1. Infrared spectra are often used to get a quick look at the purity of a product. IR spectra of aspirin, as well as the salicylic acid and acetic anhydride used to prepare it Selected Infrared Frequencies are shown below. Consult the structures of these three Absorption Range, cm-1 Bond Type compounds from the introduction. Recall from our experiment 3600-3200 (usually broad) on IR that different bonds show up at different frequencies in O – H the IR spectrum. Prepare a listing for each compound, C – H 3300-2800 showing bonds and their IR frequencies taken from the B – H 2650-2300 spectra below.You need consider only those bonds listed in C ? N 2260-2220 the table at right. (It is hard to read the frequencies on the attached spectra accurately, so just approximate. The frequency values listed on the x-axis in the figures are 4000, 3000, 2000, 1500, and 1000 cm-1. ) 2. Look at the IR spectra again. Assume that you ran an IR spectrum of your aspirin, but that it was contaminated with unreacted salicylic acid. At what frequency in the spectrum would you look for evidence of this contamination? Explain your reasoning. IR Spectrum of Aspirin (KBr pellet)IR Spectrum of Salicyclic Acid (KBr pellet) IR Spectrum of Acetic Anhydride (liquid thin film) 3. 1 H NMR spectra of salicyclic acid and aspirin are shown below. Note that both have small, broad peaks near 11 ppm that were artificially enhanced to make them obvious on these spectra. The peaks around 7-8 ppm are all doublets, triplets, or messy multiplets; the other peaks are singlets. How many types of H should be expected for each compound based upon their structures? The two structures share many common features, and thus their spectra should be similar for these common features.Likewise, each structure has some unique type of hydrogen not found in the other. These should result in differences between the spectra. By simply comparing the structures and the spectra, decide which hydrogens on the structures give rise to which peaks. You won’t be able to assign all the peaks this way, but do as much as you can and explain you r reasoning. 4. The Merck Index is an extremely valuable reference that can be found in the Reference Section of the Fintel Library as well as several reading rooms on 5th floor Trexler.It is an especially good place to find basic information on organic compounds. Look up aspirin in The Merck Index. Summarize the information it gives about the solubility and decomposition of aspirin. Record the edition number and where you found this book. 5. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, often simply called â€Å"The CRC,† provides less information on each compound than The Merck Index does, but covers more inorganic compounds and includes hundreds of pages of other facts useful to chemists.In the CRC find the multipage table entitled Physical Constants of Organic Compounds. Within this table, find salicylic acid (some old editions may list it as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid). Record the information given about salicylic acid’s melting point, boiling point, and solubility. You w ill probably need to consult the listing of Symbols and Abbreviations given one or two pages in front of this huge table. Record the edition number of the book and where you found it.

Should Cars Be Banned from City Centers?

H: today we need to discuss an interesting topic is â€Å"do you thginks cars should be banned from city centers. Do you agree or disagree? In my opinion, I think cars should not be banned because people might not be able to get to work. Its unfair that we can not use our cars in the city centre. People might not like going on buses to the city centre because teenagers might cause trouble. Or you might not be able to get a seat. Some people might not like going on buses because there sometimes dirty and they do not have seatbelts so you don’t feel safe on them. Where if you are in your car you feel safer. H . true, I afraid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. because I think that cars should be banned from the city centre because if they were the world would be a safer place and I would be able to go there with my family without having to panic about people attacking us. I feel that if there wasn’t any cars in the city centre it would become a more child friendly area making kids like me welcome there. It would make me happy and no doubt safe. I think they are more then a good idea because of their help to stop pollution helping to cure our world. For a better chance in life P :yes†¦. But sometimes u can be late because use public transport and spent a lot of time for wait H : I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦there is clearly an urgent need to cut pollution, this could be achieved by developing cleaner fuels and electrically powered cars, and encouraging people to use public transport where possible. P: yes,you win. easing our reliance on cars is a great idea

International Business Law 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business Law 2 - Essay Example Hiring manpower from the Indian outsourcing company is permitted under the Contract Labor Act, 1970 (Majmudar & Co n.d., 4). Considering the strategy of Stone Technical Ltd, it can be assumed that the company can be regarded as a principal employer, because its business is not of an intermittent nature in respect of contracts (Majmudar & Co n.d., 4). If the Stone Technical Ltd will hire 20 or more contract workers, it is required to comply with the provisions of the Contract Labor Act (Majmudar & Co n.d., 4). As well it is necessary to take into consideration the fact that Indian law should govern the outsourcing contract; this measure will enable the client to restrain contractor in case of the breaching an outsourcing contract (Majmudar & Co n.d., 4). So as the Indian employee laws are considered to be relatively restrictive, Stone Technical Ltd need to be concerned about the employment rules relating to holidays, flexible working hours, etc. (Mohapatra n.d.). Privacy and data protection is a matter of concern in India because of the lack of a comprehensive legislation (Chawla 1, 2007). There is neither a specific statute for dealing with this legal issue nor a comprehensive data protection law (Eisenhauer 7, 2005). However, it is possible to derive the protection of privacy and data from different laws concerning the information technology, crimes, intellectual property and contractual relations (Chawla 1, 2007). Even though there is not enough stringent data protection laws in India in order to protect the Indian outsourcing market, there are some provisions in the Act 17 (Sinha 2009). Also the Indian government has enacted a set of electronic commerce regulations, known as the Information Technology Act 2000, which addresses breach of confidentiality provisions, hacking and damage to computer source code (Eisenhauer 7, 2005). For violation of data

Leadership in Clinical Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership in Clinical Practice - Essay Example Good leaders can develop their staff through education, training, experience, and self-study. Symptoms of a good leader are that they always keep on working and try to improve their leadership skills. Managers should be well versed and experience enough to guide the staff in relation to the convertibility of their academic knowledge in practical performance. In an emergency situation, mostly in clinics, there is a requirement of strong management and executive skills. This means not only the doctors, all other staff in a clinic should be efficient enough to deal with the situation. Managers should work for the development of staff members. Training and education programs should be implemented for staff. The evaluation process should be conducted in order to control and monitor the activities of members. Incentives, bonus and better compensation plans should be enforced to keep the staff members motivated towards the organization. Communication and leadership can also lead to the tran sformation of an organization. Culture and structure of a clinic should be flexible, so that staff members can share their preferences and knowledge with the managers. Therefore, communication and leadership are the main pillars for the success of clinics (Butler Gillian & Hope Tony, 1996). 1.2 Leadership Leadership is a key factor for an organizations success. It mainly depends on how managers are able to handle the organizational and management structure. A leader should have infinite flexibility. This means one should be able to adopt a leadership style in accordance to a particular situation. Leadership plays a most important role in clinical areas such as leading role of the doctor towards nurses and other staff, similar to that nurse play a lead role in guiding the supporting staff and trainees. These shows at all levels there are different leaders. (Blagg Deborah & Young Susan, 2001). Factors of leadership Mainly there are four factors in leadership, which are present in ever y organization i.e.: Leaders Followers Communication Situation Leader Leaders must have a clear understanding of who they are, what they know and what they can do. Therefore, it is imperative that doctors should have all knowledge in relation to their capabilities so that they can guide nurses and other staff appropriately. Before guiding other people they should know their inner capabilities, strength, and weaknesses. Because it is the nurses who help to identify whether a doctor is successful or not, therefore one will have to satisfy his followers not the boss, as they are the ones who are dependent on a leader. Followers In hospital many people are followers such as nurses, supporting staff, trainees etc. and each person has different styles and nature. Therefore, each one of them requires different leadership process and style. One should know the follower's nature, needs, emotions, and motivation. Communication Leading should be done through two-way communication, most of whic h is nonverbal. But in clinical areas, verbal communication is most important. It plays a vital role in the performance of the staff members. For instance in the case when one sets an example, this communication to people will lead them to perform only the things guided by the leader rather than performing in their own way.