Thursday, December 26, 2019

The Episode Of Violence Toward Me From A Patient - 858 Words

In this essay, I will provide the description and analysis of the episode of violence toward me from a patient, my thoughts and feelings regarding this matter, my actions, and conclusion. During my summer placement in Neurosurgery unit, I was assigned to care of 24-years-old patient, Mr. R.T, who suffered from Dravet Syndrome (Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy) and intellectual delay. Mr. R.T. was admitted to the unit due to increased dysphagia for the past two weeks and exacerbation of seizures. It was hard for me to find meaningful way of communication with him due to his serious developmental delay; however, the patient was sometimes able to express his preferences by telling â€Å"more, yes†. Health care providers in the unit were aware of, and some already experienced a behavioral aggression from Mr. R.T. When I tried to flush his Saline Lock, the patient suddenly hit me 2 times to my left hand. I never expected this and I was emotionally assaulted. Except for the pain in my hand, I also experienced psychological stress that could possibly affect my caring toward the patient. I perfectly understood that he was mentally disable; however, it took a lot of effort from me to remove the bias toward the patient. I did not demonstrate my emotional stress to the peers and Course Director but I felt depressed for the rest of the clinical day. Consequently, RN a dvised me to not continue providing any interventions for this patient except for basic care. After consulting with myShow MoreRelatedNursing Management Of A Patient With Bipolar Disorder1280 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Bipolar Disorder Nursing Management of a Patient with Bipolar Disorder Maninder Kaur Von- 16 Los Medanos College Bipolar Disorder Abstract Today, I am going to presenting my case study on a patient named Ms. TD who admitted to Contra Costa County Hospital in a psychiatric emergency on February 20, 2016 with a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder. She comes to the emergency department on a legal status 5250, which a qualified officer or clinician to involuntarilyRead MoreManaging Bipolar Disorder Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesHearing voices telling me that I should get some sleep, because tomorrow might be good for something. Hold on, Im feeling like Im headed for a breakdown, I dont know why. Im not crazy, Im just a little unwell. I know, right now you cant tell, but stay awhile and maybe then youll see a different side of me. –Matchbox 20, Unwell (Thomas, 2003) Those who suffer from bipolar disorder experience constant ups and downs. The APA defines bipolar disorder as â€Å"recurrent episodes of mania alternatingRead MoreThe Many Sides Of Patient Care1093 Words   |  5 PagesMany Sides of Patient Care When I was working as an emergency patient care technician, I really enjoyed helping my patients. They had so many different medical needs and life stories, and it was my experience taking care of all of them that convinced me to become a physician assistant (PA). However, it was the difficult patients that tested my resolve. The most difficult caused me to become unsure of my decision and question myself. Even the most difficult of patients taught me valuable lessonsRead MoreSchizophreni Living With Schizophrenia1623 Words   |  7 Pageshope and treatments for individuals who have schizophrenia. ​The symptoms of schizophrenia vary from person to person. Symptoms also do range in severity and consistency. They may come on very strong at once or they can appear gradually throughout an individual’s lifetime. A person with schizophrenia might not have symptoms at the beginning but then may suffer from a very severe case of a psychotic episode where the symptoms will appear all at once. There are both positive and negative symptoms thatRead MoreChildhood And Adolescent Mental Health1340 Words   |  6 Pagesclass of disorders where the patient directs the emotional stresses inward on one’s self. The patients that have this emotional response to their disorders are more likely to hurt themselves by self-mutilation, suicide, substance and alcohol abuse. Examples of these disorders are Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, Selective mutism, and separation anxiety disorder (Sue et al., 2014). With the externalizing class, they direct their emotional stresses onto other people. These patients can be violent, but notRead MoreSocial Justice Or Injustice : Domestic Violence1489 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Justice or Injustice Domestic violence (DV) has and continues to affect millions of, women, men, children and the elderly every day. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, defines Domestic violence as, â€Å"hurtful, repeated and intentional behavior that one person uses to maintain power and control over another in an intimate relationship.† (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.) Abuse impacts many individuals from various backgrounds. Abuse comes in many forms, verbal, emotionalRead MorePersonality Disorders : Borderline Personality Disorder926 Words   |  4 Pageselaborate on some of the different personality disorders that exist as it relates to this course wonderfully. After we have learned about all of the different psychologists and their theories of personality, I wonder which theorist can they seek help from most. I made the decision to do borderline personality disorder simply because I am pretty confident that I know someone that may deal with this disorder, but for some reason has not been properly diagnosed. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) isRead MoreThe Psychology Of Eric Reynolds Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pageswhile Mr. Reynolds grew up in a loving, supportive family, he might have experienced discrimination or prior trauma within his Midwestern community and within the military. However, this is speculation regarding Midwestern or military experiences toward African Americans and low socioeconomic status in Pre-Vietnam War American. Mr. Reynolds himself did not explicitly mention that he considered those experiences traumatizing or relevant to his current condition. My initial diagnosis for Mr. Reynolds’Read MoreNursing Diagnosis Assessment Data Planning2552 Words   |  11 Pagespast situational crises, unresolved emotional conflict between patient and wife, destructive behavior towards self, increased depressive state and unpredictable episodes of anger and aggression s/t sleep apnea AEB disturbed images of past crises, demands on family imposed by the patients current condition, increased state of depression, disturbed sleeping patterns since returning from deployment, a torn ligament in wrist from episode of anger and aggression, presence of tension headaches, increaseRead MorePersonal Statement : Practicing Happiness Activities1156 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the past six years, but given that I just had a child, physical activity was out of option, so I had to choose an alternative method to increase my happiness. One of the activities was avoiding overthinking. I had a habit of ruminating, which made me miserable, especially since the time, my first child was born. I was thinking how to handle school, parenting, social connections, volunteering work. Now, having a 2nd child, I was pondering even more, which honestly lead to mild depression. For one

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Operations Management Analysis For Walmart - 2766 Words

Operations Management Analysis for Walmart I. Introduction Walmart is a multinational retail store based in the US. According to the Fortune Global 500 in 2015, it is the world’s largest public corporation. Its operations are organized into three divisions: Walmart Stores US, Sam’s Club, and Walmart International. The company has nine different retail formats, including supercenter, food and drugs, and membership stores. According to Yahoo Finance, Walmart is in the industry called â€Å"Discount, Variety Stores†. This industry has a market capitalization of $4,980 billion. Along with Walmart, Target, Costco, and Dollar General are all included in this industry. The objective of this report is to analyze how Walmart maintain competitive advantages and achieve business success through its effectively standardized operations and supply chain management, and identify the current and potential risks or issues that it suffering recently and may encounter in the future business. This analysis will primarily emphasize on three operational activities of Walmart which include quality management, product and service design, and inventory management. II. Methodology: The process involved a few key steps, outline in detail in the main discussion below. First, analysis of Walmart and its operations was performed considering its current strategies, strengths and weaknesses, and growth potential as compared to the competition. Additionally, this analysis was extended into a ratioShow MoreRelatedStrategic Vision And Operations Planning1210 Words   |  5 Pages Over the past ten years Walmart has become one of the most powerful retails with the highest sales around the world. The company has been recognized with a successful supply chain management. However as 2016, Walmart closed 269 stores, this means that not all the stores are successful and there is a problem that is affecting its operations planning. Walmart by 32nd St. has operation planning problems during winter time when the population increases in the area. This report was written to understandRead MoreCase Study : Walmart s Operations Management1202 Words   |  5 Pagesmostly interested in learning more about the Walmart Corporation. Walmart’s operations management covers a mixture of concepts that focus on managing the supply chain and inventory, as well as sales performance2. The company has become successful because it follows an effective performance in operations management2. This paper will be giving some information about Walmart and how it came to be. Also, ther e will be an analysis of the different business operations as they are implemented in the corporationRead MoreWalmarts Sustainable Business Development1666 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophies and practices of Walmart as well as looking at Walmart’s strategic management perspectives and what type of impact and influences they have on the external forces in the industry. While also focusing on Walmart’s concept of value creation applied to SBD (sustainable business development) and their strategies. Defining Sustainable business philosophies are a system of fundamental or motivating principles that a business handles in different areas of operation based on the actions or beliefsRead MoreDefining Walmarts Internal Business Process Improvements894 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿WalMart: Defining Internal Business Process Improvements Introduction The dominance of WalMarts (NYSE:WMT) in discount retailing is a direct result of their business process excellence in the areas of supply chain management (SCM), supply chain optimization (SCO) and logistics management with its suppliers and retailing operations globally. What most differentiates WalMart from the many other discount retailers is their agility and speed of using information for insights and analysis (WalMartRead MoreWalmart Swot Analysis : Walmart Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesWALMART ANALYSIS 1 WALMART ANALYSIS 5 Business Process Management Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Walmart Analysis Walmart is the largest supply chain in the world which distributes different products of multiple firms. For the last fifteen years, Walmart has grown significantlyRead MoreWal Mart : An Examination Of Management Tools And Effectiveness1734 Words   |  7 PagesWal-Mart: An Examination of Management Tools and Effectiveness In today s ever-changing business environment, effective managers must be competent in a plethora of varying critical competencies in order to help an organization reach and exceed its respective goals. Managers must communicate and infuse a high-performance mentality in their employees, while creating an organizational culture which promotes teamwork and competitiveness for the overall betterment of the organization. To aid managersRead MoreInternal Analysis : The Boston Group Matrix1560 Words   |  7 Pages INTERNAL ANALYSIS (CH) The internal analysis focuses on the strengths and weaknesses inside a company or organization; it helps determine what the company is capable of. There are many tools that play a part of the internal analysis but the three main tools used in an internal analysis are the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the Value Chain Analysis which includes primary activities and support activities inside the business. Another big part of the internal analysis is the Financial Ratio AnalysisRead MoreChina: The Start of a New Era for Wal-Mart Global Expansion1514 Words   |  6 PagesWalMart in China Introduction WalMarts approach to global expansion exemplifies the journey of self-discovery many corporations who have a stable, profitable domestic base of operations go through as they attempt to enter new markets globally. For WalMart this meant confronting the exceptionally high level of ethnocentrism in their organization while also using their analytics-based prowess to better understand cultures, not just costs and profits (Ming-Ling, Donegan, Ganon, Kan, 2011). TheRead MoreWalmart s Pricing Strategy And How It Works991 Words   |  4 Pagesproducts to the ordinary customers at lower prices than its rivals (Woohyoung Alan, 2013). In other words, Wal-Mart has kept its promise â€Å"everyday low prices† as a sustainable selling point (Walmart, 2015). At Wal-Mart, Price is the core factor in most of foreign markets that it has established operations in addition to the United States. The other 3 countries which are included in this report (namely South Africa, Germany and Japan) are all implementing the policy of EDLP. Sam Walton, the founderRead MoreAnalysis Of Walmart Stock Prices Over A Two Year Period1653 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch paper aims to forecast Walmart stock prices over a two year period. But because stock prices are more substantial when they are presented either in monthly or weekly data, the paper will be forecasting over two years but on a monthly basis i.e. Walmart stock prices is forecasted over a 24 month period. Before we get into details about the paper, Walmart is one of the largest retail stores in the US with branches in other countries either bearing the name Walmart or some other names like Game

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Steps for Writting free essay sample

The graded project is intended to help you integrate the various communication techniques and skills youVe been practicing and studying. The completed project will give your instructor an accurate gauge by which to measure your understanding and mastery of these important skills. More importantly, completion of the project gives you the opportunity to apply your new skills in a real-life situation† and perhaps even show Offa little in the process! For your graded project, you have to choose one of two options: write an essay of 500-800 words or write and present a speech of two-to- three minutes. The second option requires the use of equipment which isnt supplied by the school. As you work on the project, review pertinent lesson material in your study unit, the Graded Project booklet, and the Voice and Diction audio file. Option 1 Review the work you completed for the Nonverbal Listening Patterns exercise. Write a 500-800 word essay on your experience with this exercise, discussing the following points: The steps you took to complete the Nonverbal Listening Patterns exercise What you learned about your own interpersonal communication behaviors or skills The steps you can take to improve or maintain each behavior or skill Process Step 1: Write from your point of view using the pronoun l. Use the past tense for your verbs since youre reporting on what has already occurred. Your first paragraph should summarize information about the exercise†the identity of the two people (supervisor, friend, relative, etc. ), how well you know each person, where the exercise took place, when it occurred, and how long it took to complete it. Also, give the main topic of each conversation In your second paragraph, describe specific examples of your nonverbal listening behavior for posture, eye contact, gestures, and facial expressions with one of the people. Be sure o indicate how comfortable you felt with that person. ) Explain and analyze why you behaved in these ways during the conversation. Was your behavior appropriate for that conversation given what skills? Why or why not? In your third paragraph, provide the same type of discussion but with the second person. In your fourth paragraph, continue by discussing at least three non-verbal listening behaviors or skills that you discovered about yourself during these conversations. You may discuss your weak skills, your strong skills, or a combination of the two. Since this essay is a self-analysis of your skills, you will want to identify both our weak and your strong points. With each skill you describe, also explain how you intend to improve the weaker skills and maintain the stronger skills that you identified in the previous paragraph. Exactly what can you do to make and keep your nonverbal listening behaviors effective? Also, discuss how you can determine your status and progress toward improvement. In your final paragraph, discuss your reaction to the activity and analyze your non- verbal listening behaviors. Summarize the insights you have gained about your communication skills. Step 2: Read your essay aloud and listen for areas where ou may have missed some words or your sentences are awkwardly constructed. You may want to ask someone to read it to you exactly as you have written it. Listen for clear, logical flow of your ideas and discussion. Edit your essay carefully according to the standard conventions for academic compositions: coherent paragraph development, varied sentence structure, correct grammar, word usage, spelling, and punctuation. Remember to use the pronouns l, me, and my, since you are writing about your own experience from your point of view. Also, use the past tense for your verbs. Further revise and edit ccording to the evaluation criteria given below. Introduction (5 points) You describe the exercise and the methods used to complete it. Description of your non-verbal listening behavior (30 points) You provide specific examples for each type of behavior for both conversations, analyzing the effectiveness of your behavior for that conversation. Identification of weak skills or strengths along with plan for improvement and/or maintenance (30 points) Based on your experience during the two conversations, you explain why you think these are weak and/or strong skills for you. For each weak area, you describe a specific way to mprove that non-verbal listening behavior as well as how you will determine the level of improvement. For each strong and effective area identified, you describe a specific way to maintain that behavior as well as how you will determine that it is still a strong point for you. Conclusion (10 points) You provide closure for the reader by reflecting on your experience and sharing insights you gained about your communication Grammar, sentence structure, and mechanics (1 5 points) Your essay is free of errors in grammar (especially verb tense), sentence structure, spelling, and punctuation. Format (10 points) You include the Project Sheet. Your essay uses the assigned font, is double spaced, and includes the required heading on each page. Step 3: Type the final draft of your essay using font Times New Roman, size 12. Include the following information at the top of each page of your document. The best way to ensure the information is on each page is to enter everything using the Header option (usually located on the View or Insert menu). Name and Student Number Exam number (eight digits) Page X of Y Mailing Address Example: Jane smith, 12345678 05085702 page 1 of 1 111 Education Drive Any Town, PA 18515 Double space your essay†that means there is a blank line etween each typed line. Indent the first line of each paragraph. Before printing your work, proofread once more for typos, spelling, and grammatical errors. Keep a copy of your essay. Step 4: Print your essay on regular 8 x 11 white paper. Fill your student information on the Project Sheet at the end of the study unit and attach your essay to it. Mail your exam in the beige exam envelope provided, or, if you dont have one, use your own envelope and mail to Penn Foster Student Service Center 925 oak street scranton, PA 18515 Your evaluated essay will be mailed to you using the address you give on the Project Sheet.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Rss Really Simple Syndication Essay Example

Rss Really Simple Syndication Essay RSS (most commonly expanded as Really Simple Syndication) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works—such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video—in a standardized format. [2] An RSS document (which is called a feed, web feed,[3] or channel) includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software called an RSS reader, feed reader, or aggregator, which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based. A standardized XML file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs. The user subscribes to a feed by entering into the reader the feeds URI or by clicking an RSS icon in a web browser that initiates the subscription process. The RSS reader checks the users subscribed feeds regularly for new work, downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user interface to monitor and read the feeds. We will write a custom essay sample on Rss Really Simple Syndication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rss Really Simple Syndication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rss Really Simple Syndication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer RSS allows users to avoid manually inspecting all of the websites they are interested in, and instead subscribe to websites such that all new content is pushed onto their browsers when it becomes available. RSS formats are specified using XML, a generic specification for the creation of data formats. Although RSS formats have evolved from as early as March 1999,[4] it was between 2005 and 2006 when RSS gained widespread use, and the () icon was decided upon by several major Web browsers. [5] Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Example 3 Variants 4 Modules 5 BitTorrent and RSS 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Main article: History of web syndication technology The RSS formats were preceded by several attempts at web syndication that did not achieve widespread popularity. The basic idea of restructuring information about websites goes back to as early as 1995, when Ramanathan V. Guha and others in Apple Computers Advanced Technology Group developed the Meta Content Framework. [6] For a more detailed discussion of these early developments, see the history of web syndication technology. RDF Site Summary, the first version of RSS, was created by Guha at Netscape in March 1999 for use on the My. Netscape. Com portal. This version became known as RSS 0. 9. [4] In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0. 91,[2] which simplified the format by removing RDF elements and incorporating elements from Dave Winers scriptingNews syndication format. [7] Libby also renamed RSS Rich Site Summary and outlined further development of the format in a futures document. [8] This would be Netscapes last participation in RSS development for eight years. As RSS was being embraced by web publishers who wanted their feeds to be used on My. Netscape. Com and other early RSS portals, Netscape dropped RSS support from My. Netscape. Com in April 2001 during new owner AOLs restructuring of the company, also removing documentation and tools that supported the format. [9] Two entities emerged to fill the void, with neither Netscapes help nor approval: The RSS-DEV Working Group and Winer, whose UserLand Software had published some of the first publishing tools outside of Netscape that could read and write RSS. Winer published a modified version of the RSS 0. 91 specification on the UserLand website, covering how it was being used in his companys products, and claimed copyright to the document. [10] A few months later, UserLand filed a U. S. trademark registration for RSS, but failed to respond to a USPTO trademark examiners request and the request was rejected in December 2001. [11] The RSS-DEV Working Group, a project whose members included Guha and representatives of OReilly Media and Moreover, produced RSS 1. 0 in December 2000. [12] This new version, which reclaimed the name RDF Site Summary from RSS 0. 9, reintroduced support for RDF and added XML namespaces support, adopting elements from standard metadata vocabularies such as Dublin Core. In December 2000, Winer released RSS 0. 92[13] a minor set of changes aside from he introduction of the enclosure element, which permitted audio files to be carried in RSS feeds and helped spark podcasting. He also released drafts of RSS 0. 93 and RSS 0. 94 that were subsequently withdrawn. In September 2002, Winer released a major new version of the format, RSS 2. 0, that redubbed its initials Really Simple Syndication. RSS 2. 0 removed the type attribute added in the RSS 0. 94 draft and added support for namespaces. To preserve backward compatibility with RSS 0. 92, namespace support applies only to other content included within an RSS 2. 0 feed, not the RSS 2. 0 elements themselves. 15] (Although other standards such as Atom attempt to correct this limitation, RSS feeds are not aggregated with other content often enough to shift the popularity from RSS to other formats having full namespace support. ) Because neither Winer nor the RSS-DEV Working Group had Netscapes involvement, they could not make an official claim on the RSS name or format. This has fueled ongoing controversy in the syndication development community as to which entity was the proper publisher of RSS. One product of that contentious debate was the creation of an alternative syndication format, Atom, that began in June 2003. 16] The Atom syndication format, whose creation was in part motivated by a desire to get a clean start free of the issues surrounding RSS, has been adopted as IETF Proposed Standard RFC 4287. In July 2003, Winer and UserLand Software assigned the copyright of the RSS 2. 0 specification to Harvards Berkman Center for Internet Society, where he had just begun a term as a visiting fellow. [17] At the same time, Winer launched the RSS Advisory Board with Brent Simmons and Jon Udell, a group whose purpose was to maintain and publish the specification and answer questions about the format. 18] In December 2005, the Microsoft Internet Explorer team[19] and Outlook team[20] announced on their blogs that they were adopting the feed icon first used in the Mozilla Firefox browser (). In February 2006, Opera Software followed suit. [21] This effectively made the orange square with white radio waves the industry standard for RSS and Atom feeds, replacing the large variety of icons and text that had been used previously to identify syndication data. In January 2006, Rogers Cadenhead relaunched the RSS Advisory Board without Dave Winers participation, with a stated desire to continue the development of the RSS format and resolve ambiguities. In June 2007, the board revised their version of the specification to confirm that namespaces may extend core elements with namespace attributes, as Microsoft has done in Internet Explorer 7. According to their view, a difference of interpretation left publishers unsure of whether this was permitted or forbidden. Example As RSS files are essentially XML formatted plain text, the RSS file itself is relatively easily read both by automated processes and by humans alike. An example file could have contents such as the following. This could be placed on any appropriate communication protocol for file retrieval, such as http or ftp, and reading software would use the information to present a neat display to the end user. RSS Title This is an example of an RSS feed http://www. someexamplerssdomain. com/main. html Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:01:00 +0000 Mon, 06 Sep 2009 16:45:00 +0000 Example entry Here is some text containing an interesting description of the thing to be described. http://www. wikipedia. org/ unique string per item Mon, 06 Sep 2009 16:45:00 +0000 Variants There are several different versions of RSS, falling into two major branches (RDF and 2. *). The RDF (or RSS 1. *) branch includes the following versions: RSS 0. 90 was the original Netscape RSS version. This RSS was called RDF Site Summary, but was based on an early working draft of the RDF standard, and was not compatible with the final RDF Recommendation. RSS 1. 0 is an open format by the RSS-DEV Working Group, again standing for RDF Site Summary. RSS 1. 0 is an RDF format like RSS 0. 90, but not fully compatible with it, since 1. 0 is based on the final RDF 1. 0 Recommendation. RSS 1. 1 is also an open format and is intended to update and replace RSS 1. 0. The specification is an independent draft not supported or endorsed in any way by the RSS-Dev Working Group or any other organization. The RSS 2. * branch (initially UserLand, now Harvard) includes the following versions: RSS 0. 91 is the simplified RSS version released by Netscape, and also the version number of the simplified version originally championed by Dave Winer from Userland Software. The Netscape version was now called Rich Site Summary; this was no longer an RDF format, but was relatively easy to use. RSS 0. 92 through 0. 94 are expansions of the RSS 0. 91 format, which are mostly compatible with each other and with Winers version of RSS 0. 91, but are not compatible with RSS 0. 90. RSS 2. 0. 1 has the internal version number 2. 0. RSS 2. 0. 1 was proclaimed to be frozen, but still updated shortly after release without changing the version number. RSS now stood for Really Simple Syndication. The major change in this version is an explicit extension mechanism using XML namespaces. 22] For the most part, later versions in each branch are backward-compatible with earlier versions (aside from non-conformant RDF syntax in 0. 90), and both versions include properly documented extension mechanisms using XML Namespaces, either directly (in the 2. * branch) or through RDF (in the 1. * branch). Most syndication software supports both branches. The Myth of RSS Compatibilit y, an article written in 2004 by RSS critic and Atom advocate Mark Pilgrim, discusses RSS version compatibility issues in more detail. The extension mechanisms make it possible for each branch to track innovations in the other. For example, the RSS 2. * branch was the first to support enclosures, making it the current leading choice for podcasting, and as of 2005 is the format supported for that use by iTunes and other podcasting software; however, an enclosure extension is now available for the RSS 1. * branch, mod_enclosure. Likewise, the RSS 2. * core specification does not support providing full-text in addition to a synopsis, but the RSS 1. * markup can be (and often is) used as an extension. There are also several common outside extension packages available, including a new proposal from Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer 7. The most serious compatibility problem is with HTML markup. Userlands RSS reader—generally considered as the reference implementation—did not originally filter out HTML markup from feeds. As a result, publishers began placing HTML markup into the titles and descriptions of items in their RSS feeds. This behavior has become expected of readers, to the point of becoming a de facto standard, though there is still some inconsistency in how software handles this markup, particularly in titles. The RSS 2. 0 specification was later updated to include examples of entity-encoded HTML; however, all prior plain text usages remain valid. As of January 2007, tracking data from www. syndic8. com indicates that the three main versions of RSS in current use are 0. 91, 1. 0, and 2. 0. Of these, RSS 0. 91 accounts for 13 percent of worldwide RSS usage and RSS 2. 0 for 67 percent, while RSS 1. 0 has a 17 percent share. [23] These figures, however, do not include usage of the rival web feed format Atom. As of August 2008, the syndic8. om website is indexing 546,069 total feeds, of which 86,496 were some dialect of Atom and 438,102 were some dialect of RSS. [24] Modules The primary objective of all RSS modules is to extend the basic XML schema established for more robust syndication of content. This inherently allows for more diverse, yet standardized, transactions without modifying the core RSS specification. To accomplish this extension, a tightly controlled vocabulary (in the RSS world , module; in the XML world, schema) is declared through an XML namespace to give names to concepts and relationships between those concepts. Some RSS 2. 0 modules with established namespaces are: Ecommerce RSS 2. 0 Module Media RSS 2. 0 Module OpenSearch RSS 2. 0 Module BitTorrent and RSS Several BitTorrent-based peer-to-peer applications also support RSS. Such feeds (also known as Torrent/RSS-es or Torrentcasts) allow client applications to download files automatically from the moment the RSS reader detects them (also known as Broadcatching). See also Atom (standard) Comparison of RSS Readers DataPortability Mashup RSS Reader Simple Sharing Extensions

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Language in the Byzantine Empire

Language in the Byzantine Empire Constantinople, the new capital that Emperor Constantine developed in the East in the early fourth century CE, lay in a largely Greek-speaking area of the Roman Empire. That doesnt mean that before the Fall of Rome the emperors headquartered and the people living there were native Greek speakers or, even if they were, incompetent Latin speakers. Both languages, Greek and Latin, were part of the repertoire of the educated. Until recently, those who considered themselves educated might be native English speakers but could piece out a short passage of Latin in their literary reading and get by speaking French. Peter and Catherine the Great ushered in an era where the politically important, the nobility of Russia, knew the French language and literature as well as Russian. It was similar in the ancient world. Greek Culture Greek literature and themes dominated Roman writing until the mid-third century B.C., which is about a century after Alexander the Great had started the spread of Hellenism including the Greek Koine language throughout the vast areas that he had conquered. Greek was the language Roman aristocrats demonstrated to show their culture. They imported Greek pedagogues to teach their young. The important rhetorician of the first century BCE, Quintilian, advocated education in Greek  since Roman children would naturally learn Latin on their own. (Inst. Oratoria i.12-14) From the second century CE, it became common for the wealthy to send their already Greek-speaking, but native-Latin-speaking Roman sons to Athens, Greece for higher education. Latin Gaining in Popularity Before the division of the Empire first into the four parts known as the Tetrarchy under Diocletian in 293 CE and then into two (simply an Eastern and a Western section), the second century CE Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote his meditations in Greek, following the affectations popular with philosophers. By this time, however, in the West, Latin had gained a certain cachet. A bit later, a contemporary of Constantine, Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330-395 CE), from Antioch, Syria, but living in Rome, wrote his history not in his familiar Greek, but in Latin. The first century CE Greek biographer Plutarch went to Rome to learn the language better. (p. 85 Ostler, citing Plutarch Demosthenes 2) The distribution was such that Latin was the language of the people to the west and north of a dividing line beyond Thrace, Macedonia, and Epirus down to northern Africa west of western Cyrenaica. In rural areas, the uneducated would not have been expected to know Greek, and if their native language were something other than Latin it might be Aramaic, Syriac, Coptic, or some other ancient tongue they might not even have known Latin well. Likewise on the other side of the dividing line, but with Greek and Latin reversed In the East, they probably knew Greek in rural areas, to the exclusion of Latin, but in urban areas, like Constantinople, Nicomedia, Smyrna, Antioch, Berytus, and Alexandria, most people needed to have some command of both Greek and Latin. Latin helped one advance in the imperial and military service, but otherwise, it was more a formality than a useful tongue, beginning at the start of the fifth century. Last of the Romans The so-called Last of the Romans, Constantinople-based Emperor Justinian (r. 527-565), who was an Illyrian by birth, was a native Latin speaker. Living about a century after the Edward Gibbon-driven date of 476 for the Fall of Rome, Justinian made efforts to regain sections of the West lost to European barbarians. (Barbarian was a term the Greeks had used to mean non-Greek speakers and which the Romans adapted to mean those who spoke neither Greek nor Latin.) Justinian may have been trying to retake the Western Empire, but he had challenges closer to home  since neither Constantinople nor the provinces of the Eastern Empire were secure. There were also the famous Nika riots and a plague (see Lives of the Caesars). By his time, Greek had become the official language of the surviving section of the Empire, the Eastern (or later, Byzantine) Empire. Justinian had to publish his famous law code, the Corpus Iuris Civile in both Greek and Latin. Greeks vs Romans This sometimes confuses people who think the use of the Greek language in Constantinople means the inhabitants thought of themselves as Greeks, rather than as Romans. Particularly when arguing for a post-5th-century date for the Fall of Rome, some counter that by the time the Eastern Empire stopped legally requiring Latin, the inhabitants thought of themselves as Greeks, not Romans. Ostler asserts that the Byzantines referred to their language as romaika (Romanish) and that this term was in use until the 19th century. In addition, the people were known as Rumi a term obviously much closer to Roman than Greek. We in the West might think of them as non-Romans, but that is another story. By the time of Justinian, Latin was not the common tongue of Constantinople, although it was still an official language. The Roman people of the city spoke a form of Greek, a Koine. Sources Chapter 8 Greek in the Byzantine Empire: The Major Issues Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers, Second Edition, by Geoffrey Horrocks; Wiley:  © 2010.The Latin Language, by L. R. Palmer; University of Oklahoma Press: 1987.Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin, by Nicholas Ostler; Walker: 2007.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

How to Start a Private School

How to Start a Private School Starting a private school is a lengthy and complicated process. Fortunately for you, plenty of folks have done the same thing you are thinking of doing. You will find much inspiration and practical advice from their examples. In fact, you will find it extremely useful browsing the history section of any established private schools website. Some of these stories will inspire you. Others will remind you that starting a school takes lots of time, money and support. Here is a timeline for the tasks involved with starting your own private school. Todays Private School Climate Below, important information is outlined to guide you through the process, however, its important to note that in todays economic climate, many private schools are struggling. The Atlantic reports that private k12 schools saw an almost 13% decline over the course of a decade (2000-2010). Why is this? The National Association of Independent Schools reports that the growth forecast for 2015-2020 is declining, with fewer school-aged children between the ages of 0-17. Fewer children mean fewer students to enroll.   The cost of private school, and especially boarding school, is also concerning. In fact, The Association of Boarding Schools (TABS) published a strategic plan for 2013-2017, in which it pledged to increase efforts to help schools identify and recruit qualified families in North America. This pledge led to the creation of  the North American Boarding Initiative to address the declining enrollment in private boarding schools. This passage is taken from their website: For various economic, demographic, political, and cultural reasons, the sector has faced serious enrollment challenges during distinct periods in its distinguished history, surviving the Great Depression, the specter of two World Wars, and the social turbulence of the 60s and 70s, among other disjunctions. Always, boarding schools have adapted: ending discriminatory policies and admitting students of different races and religions; adding day students; becoming coeducational; expanding philanthropy; investing aggressively in financial aid; modernizing curriculum, facilities, and student life; and recruiting internationally.Again, we face a serious enrollment challenge. Domestic boarding enrollment has declined gradually, yet consistently, for more than a dozen years. Its a trend that shows no sign of reversing itself. Moreover, multiple surveys have confirmed that a lions share of boarding school leaders identify domestic boarding as their most pressing strategic challenge. As a commu nity of schools, it is time once again to take decisive action. Considerations In todays day and age, it does warrant careful consideration and planning to determine if creating another private school in this already struggling market is appropriate. This assessment will vary greatly on a number of factors, including the strength of area schools, the number of and quality of competitor schools, geographic area, and needs of the community, among others.   For example, a rural town in the midwest without strong public school options may benefit from a private school. However, in an area like New England, which is already home to more than 150 independent schools, starting a new institution might not be quite as successful.   Identify Your Niche 36-24 months before opening: Determine what kind of school the local market needs. (K-8, 9-12, day, boarding, Montessori, etc.) Ask parents and teachers for their opinions. If you can afford it, hire a marketing company to do a survey. It will help you focus your efforts and ensure that youre making a sound business decision. Once you determine what kind of school you will be opening, then decide how many grades will actually open the school. Your long-range plans may call for a K-12 school, but it makes more sense to start small and grow solidly. Establish the primary division, then add the upper grades over time as your resources permit. Form a Committee 24 months: Form a small committee of talented supporters to begin the preliminary work. Include parents with financial, legal, management and building experience. Ask for and get a commitment of time and financial support from each member. This important planning work which will demand much time and energy. These people can become the core of your first board of directors. Co-opt additional paid talent, if you can afford it, to guide you through the various challenges, indeed, roadblocks, which will inevitably confront you. Incorporate 18 months: File incorporation papers with your Secretary of State. The lawyer on your committee should be able to handle this for you. There are costs associated with the filing, but he should donate his legal services to the cause. This is a critical step in your long-term fundraising. People will give money much more readily to a legal entity or institution as opposed to a person. If you have already decided to establish your own proprietary school, you will be on your own when it comes to raising money. Develop a Business Plan 18 months: Develop a business plan. This should be a blueprint of how the school is going to operate over its first five years. Always be conservative in your projections. Do not try to do everything in the first five years unless you have been lucky enough to find a donor to fund the program in its entirety. Develop a Budget 18 months: Develop a budget for 5 years. This is the detailed look at income and expenses. The financial person on your committee should be responsible for developing this critical document. As always project your assumptions conservatively and factor in some wriggle room should things go wrong. You need to develop two budgets: an operating budget and a capital budget. For example, a swimming pool or an arts facility would fall under the capital side, while planning for social security expenses would be an operating budget expense. Seek expert advice. Find a Home 20 months: Locate a facility to house the school or develop building plans if you will be creating your own facility from scratch. Your architect and contractor committee members should spearhead this assignment. Think carefully before you leap at acquiring that wonderful old mansion or vacant office space. Schools require good locations for many reasons, not the least of which is safety. Older buildings can be money pits. Investigate modular buildings which will be greener as well. Tax-Exempt Status 16 months: Apply for tax-exempt 501(c)(3) status from the IRS. Again, your lawyer can handle this application. Submit it as early in the process as you can so that you can begin to solicit tax-deductible contributions. People and businesses will definitely look at your fundraising efforts much more favorably if you are a recognized tax-exempt organization.Tax-exempt status might also help with local taxes as well, though I do recommend your paying local taxes whenever or wherever possible, as a gesture of goodwill. Choose Key Staff Members 16 months: Identify your Head of School and your Business Manager. Conduct your search as widely as possible. Write job descriptions for these and all your staff and faculty positions. You will be looking for self-starters who enjoy building something from scratch. Once IRS approvals are in place, hire the head and the business manager. They need the stability and focus of a steady job to get your school open. You need their expertise to ensure an opening on time. Solicit Contributions 14 months: Secure your initial funding - donors and subscriptions. You will need to plan your campaign carefully so that you can build momentum, yet are able to keep pace with actual funding needs. Appoint a dynamic leader from your planning group to ensure the success of these initial efforts. Bake sales and car washes are not going to yield the large amount of capital which you will need. Well-planned appeals to foundations and local philanthropists will pay off. If you can afford it, hire a professional to help you write proposals and identify donors. Identify Your Faculty Requirements 14 months: It is critical to attract skilled faculty. Do so by agreeing to competitive compensation. Sell them on the vision of your new school. The chance to shape something is always appealing. While it is still over a year until you open, line up as many faculty members as you can. Do not leave this important job until the last minute. An agency such as Carney, Sandoe Associates will be helpful at this stage in finding and vetting teachers for you. Spread the Word 14 months: Advertise for students. Promote the new school through service club presentations and other community groups. Design a website and set up a mailing list to keep interested parents and donors in touch with your progress. Marketing your school is something which has to be done consistently, appropriately and effectively. If you can afford it, hire an expert to get this important job done. Open for Business 9 months: Open the school office and begin admissions interviews and tours of your facilities. January before a fall opening is the latest you can do this. Ordering instructional materials, planning curricula and devising a master timetable are just some of the tasks your professionals will have to attend to. Orient and Train Your Faculty 1 month: Have faculty in place to get the school ready for opening. The first year at a new school requires endless meetings and planning sessions for the academic staff. Get your teachers on the job no later than August 1 in order to be prepared for opening day. Depending on how lucky you are at attracting qualified teachers, you may have your hands full with this aspect of the project. Take the time needed to sell your new teachers on the schools vision. They need to buy into it, or else their negative attitudes could create a host of problems. Opening Day Make this a soft opening at which you welcome your students and any interested parents at a brief assembly. Then off to classes. Teaching is what your school will be known for. It needs to begin promptly on Day 1. The formal opening ceremonies should be a festive occasion. Schedule it for a few weeks after the soft opening. Faculty and students will have sorted themselves out by then. A feeling of community will be apparent. The public impression which your new school will make will be a positive one. Invite local, regional and state leaders. Stay Informed Join national and state private school associations. You will find incomparable resources. The networking opportunities for you and your staff are virtually limitless. Plan on attending association conferences in year 1 so that your school is visible. That will ensure plenty of applications for vacant positions in the following academic year. Tips Be conservative in your projections of revenues and expenses even if you have an angel who is paying for everything.Make sure real estate agents are aware of the new school. Families moving into the community always ask about schools. Arrange open houses and gatherings to promote your new school.Submit your schools website to sites like this one so that parents and teachers can become aware of its existence.Always plan your facilities with growth and expansion in mind. Be sure to keep them green as well. A sustainable school will last many years. One which is planned without any consideration of sustainability will fail eventually.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Engineering Management Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering Management Project - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the mission statement would be to continuously progression through dedication and innovation to the achievement of excellence. The second coffee is committed to delivering the best coffee experience. Based on these vision and mission statement the possibilities of success of the coffee are high. This paper declares that post establishment success would be governed by the way the coffee shop management is involved in the decision making. Decision making is very essential as a wrong decision would result in a poor reflection of the coffee shop management. The success of the decision-making process would be governed by a proper decision-making process. The decision-making process would first begin by identifying the underlying problem. For instance, the coffee shop may be faced with a problem of retaining its customers. Therefore, a decision would require to be made to correct this problem. Vital to note is that decisions are not made randomly, they occur as a result of trying to address a particular problem. Once such a problem is identified the management would, therefore, be required to gather information. Information gathering may be through the use of questionnaires and interview process. The Delphi technique is a method that would be recommended in the coffees shop in the gathering of information from respondents in the field of expertise. This technique is used as a group communication whereby the parties try to get convergence in their opinions regarding a real world problem and issue.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

To what extent can human resource policies and practices promote Essay

To what extent can human resource policies and practices promote gender equality - Essay Example the representation of women in management positions in firms across Europe reveals that gender equality is still a problem for businesses of all sizes. Moreover, it seems that the number of women in lower and middle management positions is gradually increased, in opposition with the top management positions, which are likely to be occupied by man (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.506-507). In 2002, the percentage of firms that employ only men at lower and middle management positions was estimated to 44%, decreased from 1996 when the above percentage was 50% (European Business Survey 2002, in Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.506). The figures presented above denote the ineffectiveness of HRM to secure gender equality. At the next level, Stahl and Bjorkman (2006) note that the level at which HRM policies focus on gender equality is often depended on ‘the level at which women are represented in HRM’ (Stahl and Bjorkman 2006, p.507). In other words, in firms where the number of women wo rking in the HRM department is high, the promotion of gender equality is expected to be more intensive compared to firms that tend to employ men in their HRM department. In this context, HRM policies are likely to emphasize on gender equality mostly when female HR managers plan them, a fact that reveals the inability of modern firms to secure equality in the workplace. The potential use of HR policies for promoting gender equality is highlighted in the study of Durai (2010). Reference is made specifically to Infosys, a global firm in the area of IT consulting. The particular firm has promoted gender equality through an appropriately customized network, the Women Inclusivity Network, which ‘secures gender equality by mentoring women employees to take up challenging working assignments’ (Durai... Gender equality is still an important problem for organizations worldwide. The development of initiatives by the states and by international organizations, such as the United Nations, has helped towards the limitation of the problem. Still, the success of firms worldwide in promoting gender equality is rather low. The literature presented above has revealed that firms can choose among different policies for promoting gender equality. In this context, it would be expected that phenomena of gender equality in the workplace would be limited, a fact that has not been verified. The ‘Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)’ (Rao et al 2009, p.7) seems to be the key text initiating the elimination of inequality in the workplace. However, in practice, the promotion of gender equality in the workplace is often problematic, as explained above, mostly because the relevant initiatives are not adequately supported, at least not as other orga nizational plans. The need for the active support of these initiatives by the state is quite clear.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Interpersonal Communication Through URT Essay Example for Free

Interpersonal Communication Through URT Essay Everyday we encounter people unknown to us. There are times when we are totally no interested in meeting and introducing ourselves to them. In certain situations we are forced or are voluntarily placing ourselves within there area of consciousness, like in a class or in our office, we disclose information about ourselves in order for a complacent relationship to transpire. This new connection will either grow or dissipate based on the disclosed information. Researchers say that interpersonal communication occurs only between two people who have known each other for quite some time (Borchers). This can be attributed to the contextual factors, such as psychological, relational and cultural, present in interpersonal discourses. The attainment of these factors signify that the two people conversing already know well of each other (King, 2000). At first, when we are asked by our late seatmate at first day of school who our professor is, or when we ask our office secretary who to call to fix a down network system, the interaction that occurs implies only an impersonal exchange between two people who ask for information because of external needs and is most likely to end that same moment. When you answer the above questions with â€Å"hes the head of the department, we live in the same neighborhood† or â€Å"i know a little on systems troubleshooting but it isnt my job, ill call one immediately,† the interaction introduces information related to the speaker and are affective to the receiver. This exchange becomes personal and may give way to a more gratifying relationship through following disclosures. These disclosures in turn reduces uncertainty, a considerably large blockage to a desirable relationship. Berger and Calabrese uncertainty reduction theory in 1975 presents steps on how we can achieve a fully ineractive personal relationship with other people. This theory explains why people tend to be information seekers and reduce the unpleasant effects of uncertainty in an introductory conversation and in the whole attainment of a relationship (Oregon State University). The theory discusses three stages of disclosure in interpersonal development. These stages are entry, personal, and exit (University of Twente). The interaction given above can be considered within the entry stage. By giving information on where you live or what your skills are(demographic), the receiver obtains also some point of conformity or agreement that sparks an interest for a relationship. Eventually we reveal our values, attitudes, and beliefs and we are taken now taken to the personal stage of disclosure. These somewhat â€Å"deeper† information suggest the existence of a relationship between two people. The exit stage relates to discourses on the shared values, beliefs, and attitudes which lead to actions or decisions where both interests are unified. Since interpersonal communication is based on two interrelated peoples discourses, this not specified only on verbal exchange, uncertainty reduction theory is an effective tool in determining interpersonal relationships and communications. By focusing on the information exchanged by two individuals we can predict the stage of their relationship – whether on entry, personal, or exit stage. Certainly, the information shared will not be as substantial in terms of personal relevance necessary for the attainment of interpersonal communication. Given the difficulty of initiating contact and conversation aimed at establishing a relationship, we are most likely to shy away and be frightened. If this happens, proceeding conversations are terminated. One basic method in squeezing out information from another person is to reveal your own personal information. Self-disclosure gives way to information not normally revealed through ordinary conversations. It requires an initiative to know and be known. Also, it is a way to know how the other people react and determine the topics under their interests. Furthermore, the voluntarily disclosure of personal information gives an impression of the willingness of a person in entering a relationship. In uncertainty reduction theory, self disclousre acts as the most effective way in removing the barriers of mistrust and non-complacency. By analyzing the information you reveal, one notices your values, beliefs, and emotional and moral tendecies accompanying your disclosures. These are considered to be a pattern for compatibility looked after by uncertain people. The situation above is common to almost everyone, given that the educated still dominate in number those who havent been to school or had work. I have experienced introducing myself to someone I am interested to. Most of the time I am replied with suspicion and mistrust which make me feel in need of proving myself. By self-disclosure I get their attention and know further what interests them and on fortunate times they react with personal disclosures too. Eventually the barrier of uncertainty dissipates and we are now getting ready for a more personal relationship. By reducing uncertainty we increase trust, thus more information is exchanged. Uncertainty reduction theory explains the systematic yet unsure disclosures toward interpersonal communication. Through complete understanding of the three concepts, uncertainty reduction, disclosure, and interpersonal communication, we can attain desirable relationships that can outlast time itself. References: Uncertainty Reduction Theory. 2006. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/theory/ur.html King, Donnell. (2000). Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication. Pellissippi State Technical Community College. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://www. pstcc. edu/ facstaff/dking/interpr. htm Borchers, Tim. (1999) Interpersonal Communication. Allyn Bacon. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://www. abacon. com/commstudies/interpersonal/interpersonal. html Uncertainty Reduction Theory. 2004. University of Twente. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://www. tcw. utwente. nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal

Friday, November 15, 2019

Environmental Ethics Essay -- Ethics Philosophy Global Warming Climate

"At the current rate, we're headed for and environmental disaster," many say, but how much truth does that statement hold. Have humans really destroyed, pillaged, and polluted enough to cause a serious, wide scale, disaster? If not, then can we continue on without changing, and not learn from our mistakes? If so, then can we do anything today that will bring about a tomorrow available to us? All of these questions hold great pertinence for our current situation. Humans don't exactly hold the best track record for environmental protection and preservation. Throughout time we have exploited nature and its creatures for our own benefit. We have made technological advances that threaten and disrupt the environment with total disregard for that fact. We took slipshod short cuts that are now catching up to us today, and we can think of no available alternatives that will remedy the problem quickly and usefully. We have developed a huge and thriving society; and in the process we deforest huge sections of land for living and livestock grazing. This decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; possibly adding to global warming though the greenhouse effect. This mass population produces mass amounts of waste, so to deal with that we just throw it into the ground, which in turn contaminates our water supply and contributes to further deforestation. We develop motorized transportation; and then burn non-renewable fossil fuels that put lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ozone, excess carbon dioxide, and other harmful particulates into the atmosphere (Skjel & Whorton 95-108). This produces dangers like smog and cancer and contributes to global warming. In the production of fuel we exhaust o... ...the environment, but how badly we?ve endangered ourselves. The environment is not possibly headed towards disaster, we are. Works Cited * American Chemical Society. Chemistry in Context. New York: Primis Custom Publishing, 2000. * Crichton, Michael. Jurassic Park. New York: Baltine Books, 1990. * ---. The Lost World. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, Inc., 1995. * Curran, Roger and Lawrence Haw. Environmental Issues in the 21st Century. 2001: http://www.library.thinkquest.org/C0127068.html. * Michaels, Patricia A. Environmental Philosophy: Good for the wallet, Good for the Soul, Good for Nothing. http://environment.about.com/library/weekly/aa031697.htm. * Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. * Skjei, Eric and M. Donald Whorton. Of Mice & Molecules. New York: The Dial Press, 1983.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Why We Use Stereotypes

Why stereotypes? Why can’t we just be judged by our own individuality and not based on someone else’s? Stereotypes basically give people untrue â€Å"facts† about different ethnic groups and their certain characteristics and behaviors. So in this essay I’m going to have to set things straight. I’ll define what stereotypes are, why do people use stereotypes and who/how does it usually affect people. Stereotypes are exaggerated or distorted beliefs or images about a person or group of people. They assume that everyone in the group have the same characteristics leading them to believe that they are all alike.No one is born believing in stereotypes, they are usually learned from the media (TV, radio, etc), parents, peers, and etc. Even when a stereotype is positive it affects the mind so much that there is no room for a person to show their individuality or how different they can be. Many people use stereotypes because it’s hard for them to take in all this complicated information about other people in the world. People find it difficult to spend the necessary amount of time learning to understand why or what different ways people behave.So then due to that we start accepting stereotypes because their easier for us to understand. Stereotypes affect people all over the world. There isn’t one group of people that isn’t affected by stereotypes (due to the fact that everyone is basically different from us). The effect that stereotypes take is that it eliminates the challenges of us getting to know and understand people who are different from us. They don’t allow people to be considered different. They give us a general overview of whole groups of people so we know what to expect and how to act when they’re seen.Also when we have problems with someone of a different group, we usually identify the problem as it having to be associated the group rather than the specific person. So the do impact us on ho w we think, and feel. Stereotypes also make us very judgmental about others and unfortunately they frequently do. Stereotypes make us believe that someone (or that group of people) did something to us, rather than the problem, fear, or rigidity/closed thinking we have within ourselves. Stereotypes have left a big effect on us. We can’t be seen as different with them around so we must try to eliminate them.We need to actually take the time to get to know people instead of accepting stereotypes just because their easier. Everyone is different, so you can’t just look at someone and think this is how they act based on what’s said about the group in general. Get to understand people based on their individuality not what you hear. Though no one is born believe in stereotypes they are usually learned from the media (which usually impacts us anyways). So in conclusion stereotypes are not what’s best to be used and are basically false.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

A change Essay

The quote â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world† bu Mahatma Gandhi means that if you want to turn the world into a better place, you need to start by turning yourself into a better you. For me, this quotes it’s true by several reason. You need to be an example, by this I mean that if you want to see a transformation, you need to act as you wish others to act so you can start a change, no matter how big or small it is. Gandhi is telling us that a personal and a social transformation can become viral and affect other people’s lifes in a good way. So by this he suggest that a personal transformation can become something greatter. A perfect example is the wise Gandhi because he used his personality and his thoughts of nonviolence to change the world. In order to bring a positive change into the world we need to engage to the outer worl but also with ourself, we need to cultivate ove and peace in our day by day life, so that love and peace can grow and beco me contagiuose. The quote â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world† bu Mahatma Gandhi means that if you want to turn the world into a better place, you need to start by turning yourself into a better you. For me, this quotes it’s true by several reason. You need to be an example, by this I mean that if you want to see a transformation, you need to act as you wish others to act so you can start a change, no matter how big or small it is. Gandhi is telling us that a personal and a social transformation can become viral and affect other people’s lifes in a good way. So by this he suggest that a personal transformation can become something greatter. A perfect example is the wise Gandhi because he used his personality and his thoughts of nonviolence to change the world. In order to bring a positive change into the world we need to engage to the outer worl but also with ourself, we need to cultivate ove and peace in our day by day life, so that love and peace can grow and beco me contagiuose. The quote â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world† bu Mahatma Gandhi means that if you want to turn the world into a better place, you need to start by turning yourself into a better you. For me, this quotes it’s true by several reason. You need to be an example, by this I mean that if you want to see a transformation, you need  to act as you wish others to act so you can start a change, no matter how big or small it is. Gandhi is telling us that a personal and a social transformation can become viral and affect other people’s lifes in a good way. So by this he suggest that a personal transformation can become something greatter. A perfect example is the wise Gandhi because he used his personality and his thoughts of nonviolence to change the world. In order to bring a positive change into the world we need to engage to the outer worl but also with ourself, we need to cultivate ove and peace in our day by day life, so that love and peace can grow and become contagiuose. The quote â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world† bu Mahatma Gandhi means that if you want to turn the world into a better place, you need to start by turning yourself into a better you. For me, this quotes it’s true by several reason. You need to be an example, by this I mean that if you want to see a transformation, you need to act as you wish others to act so you can start a change, no matter how big or small it is. Gandhi is telling us that a personal and a social transformation can become viral and affect other people’s lifes in a good way. So by this he suggest that a personal transformation can become something greatter. A perfect example is the wise Gandhi because he used his personality and his thoughts of nonviolence to change the world. In order to bring a positive change into the world we need to engage to the outer worl but also with ourself, we need to cultivate ove and peace in our day by day life, so that love and peace can grow and become contagiuose. The quote â€Å"Be the change you wish to see in the world† bu Mahatma Gandhi means that if you want to turn the world into a better place, you need to start by turning yourself into a better you. For me, this quotes it’s true by several reason. You need to be an example, by this I mean that if you want to see a transformation, you need to act as you wish others to act so you can start a change, no matter how big or small it is. Gandhi is telling us that a personal and a social transformation can become viral and affect other people’s lifes in a good way. So by this he suggest that a personal transformation can become something greatter. A perfect example is the wise Gandhi because he used his personality and his thoughts of nonviolence to change the world. In order to bring a positive change into the world we need to engage to the outer worl but also with ourself, we need to cultivate ove and peace in our day by day life, so that love and peace  can grow and become contagiuose.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Technical and Economic Problems in Crane Factories

The Technical and Economic Problems in Crane Factories Introduction Today the technological advancement is forcing most companies to consider implementation of strong specifications to remain competitive. It is not wise for a new enterprising company to continue producing slow cranes of limited capacities while the competitors keep high standard overhead cranes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Technical and Economic Problems in Crane Factories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cranes manufacturing industries are under the strain to produce more sophisticated, and cranes that can restrain higher stresses due to the advancement over the building structures. The new overhead designs of the cranes, such as boosted load capacity, remain to be the best policies over the high maintenance costs and excessive performance time. Every buyer wants a machine that performs on increased capacities and at higher frequencies compared to earlier designs or structures. Modernization of the structures today calls for technological advancement for the cranes. The structures utilize the track-mounted cranes, which work concurrently in as first as possible sequence without fluctuating on the tracks. One real-world combinatorial problem entails the procedure of planning for the crane to follow the manufacturing schedule. Some companies have advanced designing structures that allow quick and synchronized manufacture but they still face the challenge of assigning tasks and ordering the tasks to avoid interference. The smaller companies face the problem of scheduling the tasks to overcome constrains and minimize the completion time. The crane factory also faces many human resource issues. Like other high-standard companies, to meet up the challenge of having high quality standard prospective employees, some web-based technology such as timesheet management software or time-off systems are important programs to adopt. (â€Å"Tips,† 2006, 7).Advertising L ooking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are important new programs for reducing the waste and cost. Similar new companies have implemented the web-based research technologies to recruit applicants, offer online human resource deliveries, support collection process that is more efficient in distribution and exchange of data. Most companies face the challenge of meeting demand. They fail to meet customers’ requirements because of poor marketing procedures. The recent marketing trends of globalization and outsourced production require the business especially new ones to hire marketing experts to manage the complexity involved between buyers and sellers, navigate various cultural differences and travel to find orders and ensure deliveries. (Monczka et al, 2008, 111) In the address of the general challenges facing the manufacturing industries, the main areas requiring immediate redres s include the lack of proper focus by the governments in ensuring global competitiveness. A good governing system enables manufactures to be in a position of meeting competitive authenticity. Ability to foster strong economic growth, calls for government-sponsored economy. The economy is set on track by monetary and fiscal policies. The manufacturing costs of big machinery like the cranes are lower when the government regulate and reduces some subsidiaries in the aim of creating an economical environment favouring investment. The aim of the manufactures is to produce improved products at lowest costs possible. (Monczka et al, 2008, 111) They ought to be in control of the costs. The future of the manufacturing industries depends on the technological leadership. It pays significantly to invest in technology. The future of these industries depends on the evolving nature of the education system. The workforce ought to entail individuals with high skills of problem solving. These abiliti es need continuously sharpening of skills and knowledge as the technology advances. The government face the challenge of investing in the education to produce competent scientists and educators. Finally yet importantly, the international and monitory policies play an eminent role in ensuring the global competitiveness. Free, open and fairness provides an internationally levelled ground for fair competition especially in the machinery manufacturing industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Technical and Economic Problems in Crane Factories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a close link to Monczka et al, (2008, 111) all parties involved only minimize the barriers of global manufacture and trade for the small and large industries through their will of promoting economical growth. Monczka, Robert. M., Handfield, Robert. B. and Larry, Giunipero. â€Å"Purchasing and  Supply Chain Management† Manson, OH. Cengage Learning Publishers. 2008. P. 111. Pp 810 Tips on Using Technology to Streamline Payroll Processes – and Cut Costs (2006). Payroll Managers Report, 6(10), 1-9. Retrieved from   EBSCOhost Database

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

7th Grade Science Fair Projects

7th Grade Science Fair Projects Seventh grade and middle school, in general, are a big time for science fairs because its a wonderful educational level for students to come up with ideas to explore using the scientific method and ways to investigate their questions. Parents and teachers still provide direction, especially helping students devise manageable experiments and appropriate work technology to present their results. However, the actual experiment should be done by the 7th grader. The student should record data and analyze it to determine whether or not the hypothesis is supported. Here are some ideas appropriate for the 7th-grade level. 7th Grade Science Project Ideas and Questions Use a prism to show the spectrum of visible light on a sheet of paper. Mark the endpoints, which is how far into infrared and ultraviolet you can see. Compare your visual range with that of other family members or other students. Is there a difference in range between genders? Do family members have a similar range? See if you can draw any conclusions ​using the scientific method.Composting is a great way to reduce waste and recycle nutrients, yet some household products and foods are contaminated with heavy metals and organic chemicals. Devise a test to measure one of these chemicals and compare the concentration in compost versus that in the ordinary soil in your yard.Houseplants can absorb and detoxify indoor pollution. Do research to identify which houseplants are best at cleaning the air in a home, office, or classroom. Now, take the project to the next level and determine which plants are most practical, affordable, and useful. Make a chart of the chemicals the plants cl ean, whether the plants are toxic to children and pets, whether they can live in low-light conditions or require bright light or special care, how much the plants costs, and whether they are readily available. Which brand of ibuprofen (or the student could test another type of pain reliever) dissolves the most quickly?Does the pH of juice change over time?Insects can sense light and dark. Can they still see light if its only red or blue, etc.?How well does a football helmet really protect against impact? You could use a skating helmet or any other protective gear, depending on what you have available.How does the concentration of chlorine in water affect the rate or percentage of seed germination?What is the effect of watering schedules on the germination (or growth rate) of seeds from a certain plant?How does the presence of a given medication in water affect the survivability of Daphnia?Does the presence of de-icer salt affect the movement behavior of earthworms?Does the bounciness of a golf ball relate to its ability to be hit long-distance?Does the species wood affect the rate at which it burns? Its heat output?Does the mass of a baseball bat relate to the distance the baseball travels ? Is the paper towel brand that absorbs the most water the same as the brand that absorbs the most oil?

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Retailers Extensions or New Format based upon changing Consumers and Assignment

Retailers Extensions or New Format based upon changing Consumers and Markets - Assignment Example My document examines effects of demographic shifts on consumption patterns. In addition, it highlights effects of changing consumer behavior on the performance off-price retailers and the marketing function numerous sources have revealed that demographic shifts pose significant impacts on the production, distribution, and individual consumer behavior. Significantly, demographic factors play a critical role in marketing. For instance, demographic trends can forecast change in the commodity demand. In addition, demographic variables influence profoundly on brand choice. Examples of off-price retailers include; the TJX companies, Ross Stores, and Big lots. These retail stores sell clothing and its accessories from major brands at relative discount. They take advantage of surplus and cancelled orders. In addition, they speculate on the mistakes made by counter parts in the full-price sector. Consequently, due to the increasing aging population, the declining middle class, and the high po pulation of working women, it implies that there numerous surplus in the markets. In response, there off-price retailers are able to purchaser commodities in large quantities. Additionally, since they get the commodities at considerable discounts, they sell the commodities at relative cheap prices. Symbolically the consumers are able to multiply their savings significantly; due to their friendly prices, the off-price retailers retain more customers than the full-price retailers. As a matter of reciprocation, there is a considerable change in the customer behavior. Accordingly, if the above trend in the demographic composition remains, the off-price retailers would be better positioned. Additionally, they make supernormal profits due to the large commodity margins. However, this demographic trend may influence negatively on the off-price retailers. For instance, due to the existence of online off-price retailers such as the Overstock Company and the Bluefly Company, the off-price ret ailers may not enjoy the said supernormal profits. Actually, e-commerce enables companies to offer enormous discounts on various commodities such jewelry and kitchen products. In addition, the bluefly companies offer numerous brands at discounted prices. Consequently, the consumers may decide to get goods through online despite the cheap prices offered by the normal off-price retailers. Generally, the full-price retailers stand better positions because they are immune such market uncertainties. Sources have revealed that, the current changing demographics coupled with consumer spending strategies, and the emerging numerous stores, have created a new retail environment. Additionally, new retail concepts have brought significant competition in retail trade influenced by the rapidly changing consumer demand. Moreover, the competition has intensified widely thus affecting both full-price retailers and off-price retailers because they are trying to maintain their share in the market (Car r, Babin, & Zikmund, 2012). In fact, there is the need for retailers to device appropriate strategies in order to reinvent themselves. For instance, they can ensure that they offer convenience, assortment, and value. In addition, some retail stores

Friday, November 1, 2019

Buddhism Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddhism - Annotated Bibliography Example In addition, Buddha’s do not believe that in life there is something like fate and urges that human beings are the drivers of their own lives whereby, every human being has the capacity and ability to liberate themselves from any suffering that one might be going through. The nature of self entails the act of awareness or having some consciousness. However, the nature of the self is not specific to awareness of any kind but it tends to be very general. The nature of the self may involve certain things such: feelings, imagination, intuition, memory, thoughts to mention just but a few. This means that the preposition of awareness may not properly define the content of the nature of the self because awareness tends to have some limitation. In addition, the nature of the self is not limited to anything just the same way that human being have unlimited desire in life. For example, human being are never satisfied with what they have, they always want to work hard to earn more money to meet their unlimited desires, in the same way that the nature of the self is not limited to consciousness or awareness as discussed. The main aim of self is the realization of individual personal identity. The Sri Raman asserted that the nature of self entails a fabrication o f mind whereby, self awareness may involve realization of oneself . Philosophers Aristotle and Plato tried to substantiate whether the soul, minds and the body are separable from each other and whether the soul is immortal upon human death. Whereby, Aristotle assertions supported the eastern religion of Buddhism that the nature of the self as an activity and that self exist within human being but it is separable from the human body. Aristotle added that self when a person dies, both the body and the self perish. He further substantiated his assertion using a knife as an example. The knife was considered as the body that has a soul whereby,

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Management & Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management & Organisation - Essay Example The desire to function is motivation. Motivation refers to psychological aspects that have the ability to arouse in an individual the literal desire to achieve set goals besides sustaining, controlling, and eliciting specific goal-oriented behaviors (Kleinbeck, et. al., 2013). According to Miner (2012), Motivation plays three significant functions; assisting employees to understand their behavior, assisting managers to build and manage an effective motivation system, and provides conceptual tools for identification and analysis of various motivation problems. The following are some of the aspects of motivation within an organization. Discussions Needs Theories Indisputably, motivation revolves around behaviors and needs. Since motivation aims at the needs of the employees, various need theories towards motivation have been proposed. Examples of such needs theories include Murray’s theory of Human Personality, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, McClelland’s Achievement Motivation theory, and Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theories. Kleinbeck, et. al. (2013) add that within the contemporary environment there have been classifications that include cognitive and behavioral theories. Theories in these categories include expectancy, equity, goal setting, and behavior modification theories. Murray’s theory of human personality focuses on two forms of needs; physical and psychological. In this theory, both physical and psychological needs are a link connecting stimulus and employee’s reaction to the same (Kunitz, 2011). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory on the other hand focuses on five basic groups of necessities or basic needs. Maslow believes that these needs are so basic that every employee is motivated to achieve them (Kunitz, 2011). The needs include physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. E.R.G. theory focuses on three groups of needs; existence, relatedness, and growth. The need for achievement, p ower, and affiliation form the epicenter of McClelland’s achievement motivation theory (Kunitz, 2011). Lastly, Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theory focuses on the satisfiers and dissatisfies. In this theory the motivators include achievement, recognition, and specific work (Miner, 2012). Hygiene factors play a significant role in motivating employees. Expectancy/Goals Theories Expectancy or goal theories define how to motivate the employees. However, it is important to note that expectancy/goals theories are more sophisticated (Kunitz, 2011). Evidently employees are motivated if they expect they can achieve their goals that attract both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Effects of Computerized Cognitive Training

Effects of Computerized Cognitive Training CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION This chapter will discuss†¦ it will also discuss its public health significance†¦ and also report strengths and limitations of the review. 5.1  Summary and discussion of the evidence: 5.1.1  To what extent was the intervention effective? The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effects of computerized cognitive training aimed at improving cognitive function in individuals at a high risk of developing dementia. The ten trials that have been included in this study are spread widely across different countries. They vary enormously even within each subdomain analysed in terms of sample size, intervention characteristics (overall length of duration, number of training sessions and their frequency) and outcome measures used. Participants were assessed on a number of cognitive outcome measures that were unrelated to the trained tasks, this was necessary to show that cognitive improvement was not task specific as suggested by previous studies (Ball et al. 2002). The results from these ten studies suggest that computerized cognitive training is a promising approach for improving cognitive performance in persons with mild cognitive impairment. Participants showed improvements over a wide variety of neurocognitive o utcome measures, such as memory, attention, executive function, working memory, visuospatial ability, general cognition and speed of processing. Among these cognitive domains the most consistent improvements across all studies were observed in visual and verbal memory, attention, and executive function. Improvements in cognitive outcome measures suggests that individuals with MCI, despite cognitive deficit retain significant amount of neuroplasticity (Rosen et al. 2011) which makes them responsive to cognitive training. These findings are consistent with previous studies that demonstrate positive effects of cognitive training on cognitive performance in individuals with MCI (Brum et al. 2009; Ball et al. 2002; Rapp et al. 2002). Previously it has been suggested that training gains are influenced by the frequency and duration of the intervention (Gates et al. 2011), however, findings show no difference in training effects among studies with longer duration of intervention and those with smaller duration (Rozzini et al. 2007). The inability to conduct a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity of diagnostic criteria, intervention characteristics and outcomes measured made it difficult to precisely identify which cognitive domains benefited the most from the training. It has been pointed out several times over the years that unless accompanied by behavioural, psychological or other changes, changes in cognition let alone are not sufficient to justify a cognitive intervention (Woods, 2006). Out of the ten studies included, five studies assessed behavioural, psychological and everyday functional symptoms apart from neurocognitive outcome measures (Gaitan et al. 2013; Gagnon and Belleville, 2012; Finn and McDonald, 2011; Rozzini et al. 2007; Galante et al. 2007). The findings revealed positive effect of the intervention on some aspects of subjective measures of memory. Depressive symptom scores decreased most consistently. This was followed by reduction in anxiety levels. However, no significant improvements were observed in self-reported activities of daily living or everyday functioning memory. This could be explained by the fact that as individuals were carefully screened out in order to meet criteria for MCI, the participants were not impaired in everyday functional abilities and hence, it was difficult to assess the effect of training in terms of transferability to real world outcomes. No changes in well-being were reported. This is in contrast to the findings by Belleville et al. (2006) which reported positive impact of computerized cognitive training on the participant’s feelings of well-being. This can perhaps be explained by the inclusion of pre-training sessions on stress, self-esteem and imagery that were part of the intervention in their study. Despite the importance of quality of life to patients and caregivers, none of the studies measured quality of life. According to Rozzini et al. (2007) although use of cholinesterase inhibitors has also been associated with reduced depressive symptoms, but computerized cognitive training supersedes pharmacological therapy as no negative or adverse effects of training have been found in participants, contrary to adverse effects and high dropout rates reported in drug tri als in MCI (Clare et al. 2003). 5.1.2  To what extent were the effects maintained after the intervention? Four studies included a follow up assessment ranging between 3 months to a period of 12 months (Gaitan et al. 2013; Herrera et al. 2012; Galante et al. 2007; Rozzini et al. 2007) and one study used a longitudinal design (Valdes et al. 2012) to ascertain if the training gains lasted longer, showed stability over time and hence, could possibly contribute to preventing future cognitive decline. General cognitive function remained stable up to 9 months post training (Galante et al. 2007); recognition, attention and recall improvements were maintained at 6 months (Herrera et al. 2012); executive function (Gaitan et al. 2013), episodic memory and abstract reasoning (Rozzini et al. 2007) showed improvement trends at 12 month follow up; and effects on speed of processing were maintained at 5 years after the end of the training programme (Valdes et al. 2012). Two studies showed reduction in behavioural disturbances such as depression and anxiety (Gaitan et al. 2013; Rozzini et al. 2007) at a 12 month follow up. Evidence suggests that computerized cognitive training is at least effective in slowing or delaying the progression of cognitive decline and onset of dementia. Moreover, it also suggests that if computerized cognitive training show cognitive gains, these improvements are likely to be preserved at follow up. In summary, computerized cognitive training justifies Swaab’s (1991) phrase â€Å"use it or lose it† used to explain the relationship between declining neuronal activity and neurodegeneration. Overall, these results show findings similar to a recent meta-analysis by Li et al. (2011) that showed improved overall cognition, domain specific cognitive improvements and positive training effects on follow up in the intervention group after receiving traditional cognitive training. According to literature, computerized cognitive training has shown to be more effective than traditional cognitive training (Kueider et al. 2012), the results from this study suggest that structured computerized cognitive training produce significantly greater benefits in individuals with MCI as compared to those engaged in cognitively stimulating activities only. Evidence reveals that individuals with MCI that were randomized to intervention group showed larger cognitive gains as compared to active control groups. 5.2  Public health Significance: With the elderly population of the world increasing rapidly, the numbers of older adults suffering from dementia are bound to rise. With 1 in 3 people above 65 years developing dementia, the number of individuals with dementia are projected to be as high as 135.46 million in 2050 (Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2013). Dementia has several devastating consequences. The economic impact of dementia globally is quite alarming. This has diverted attention not only towards the treatment of dementia itself but also towards preventive therapies specifically aimed at individuals with MCI. In 2007, the average cost of care for a patient with Alzheimer’s disease in the United Kingdom was estimated to be around  £29,746 (Alzheimer’s Society, 2008). This makes the principles of disease prevention and health promotion particularly relevant to dementia (Geda, Negash and Petersen, 2011). The prevention of a disease involves the identification of groups that are at high ris k; MCI indeed, is a high risk state for dementia particularly of the Alzheimer’s type (Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2013). Individuals with MCI are identified as high risk groups as they are 3 to 5 times more at risk of developing dementia than those without MCI (Alzheimer’s Society, 2014). As findings from this study reveal that many of the cognitive domains retain effects from as low as 6 months up to 5 years post computerized cognitive training and demonstrate delay in the progression of cognitive impairment. This can have positive implications for public health. This is because according to the Alzheimer’s Society (2007) delaying the progression of cognitive decline and hence onset of dementia merely by 5 years would halve the number of deaths that are directly attributable to dementia. It would also reduce the huge economic costs associated with dementia care borne by the carers and the government. In addition, it would also cut down the costs borne by individuals or their carers as computerized approach itself is a cost effective approach as explained earlier. Growing evidence on the positive effects of computerized cognitive makes it a strong candidate to be on the priority agenda for policy making on tackling dementia in coming years. As demonstrated, much evidence in literature exists highlighting the positive impact of cognitive training on cognitive performance. NICE guidelines (2011) recommend the use of structured cognitively stimulating programmes for individuals with mild to moderate dementia irrespective of the drugs prescribed for the treatment of cognitive symptoms of dementia. Results from this study indicating the potential of computerized cognitive training and other relevant evidence in literature advocates that the use of computerised cognitive training for MCI patients can be included in the clinical practice guidelines. However, for that to be practically useful, there needs to be developed a structured computerised cognitive training service which can be commissioned when needed. Such service should identify in particul ar the software to be used, the duration and frequency of training sessions and sequencing of training sessions. Kueider et al. (2012) highlighted that older adults did not need to be tech savvy in order to complete and benefit from the intervention. Moreover, these findings could have positive implications as contrary to the old belief that older adults may not welcome the idea of using technology; research suggests that older adults in many cases are the fastest growing users of computer and internet technology (Wagner et al. 2010). Moreover, as mentioned earlier, computerized cognitive training offer flexible and personalized approach as the difficulty level can be adjusted according to the user’s performance, hence, keeping it engaging and enjoyable for users. 5.3  Strengths and limitations of the study: The review was undertaken after a thorough search of literature available around the research question. To the author’s knowledge this is the only systematic review to-date that has been conducted on this topic and includes up to date evidence. Another strength of this study is the strict inclusion criteria in terms of study design. Only randomised controlled trials were included in the review. Although there were other relevant studies available having other study designs but according to the Cochrane review guidelines (Higgins and Green, 2011), the author decided to limit the final studies to randomised controlled trials. This helped to decrease bias and increase the methodological quality of the overall review. The author intended to synthesize the results from best available evidence. Although efforts were made to ensure a transparent and reproducible review, a number of caveats need to be mentioned that might have influenced the results. 5.3.1  Time frame: The time frame to conduct a systematic review was extremely limited keeping in view that there was only one researcher carrying out the entire procedure. Maximum time was spent searching through different electronic databases and other sources and reading the abstracts of different articles in an attempt to identify relevant studies. There may be a possibility of selection bias as the selection and screening of studies was done solely by one reviewer. However, in order to minimise such bias, the search and screening of articles was done twice. 5.3.2  Methodological limitations: Across the literature on computerised cognitive training common but notable methodological limitations emerge. One of the general limitations of this systematic review was small sample sizes used in majority of the studies. The small sample sizes led to reduced statistical power which may have obscured the detection of potential differences between the groups. Larger groups could have allowed detecting smaller gains in performance. A second limitation was that several studies lacked an adequate active or placebo control group. Failure to include a proper control group may not only have had an impact on the results but also made interpretation of results difficult as attribution of cognitive benefits could have originated from other sources besides computerized cognitive training. These issues impact on the main aim of the study which was assessing how computerized approaches compare with traditional approaches. Only two studies used an active control group indulged in activities similar to traditional cognitive training (Gaitan et al. 2012; Herrera et al. 2012) making it difficult to directly compare both the approaches. The review supports findings from previous studies (Sitzer et al. 2006) that intervention groups show larger effect sizes when compared to waitlist instead of active control conditions. Several studies reported inclusion of participants receiving pharmacological therapy (Cholinesterase Inhibito rs) raising the possibility that the cognitive gains were not because of the training solely but were a result of the synergistic effect between pharmacological therapy and training. An important limitation of this study was the scarce availability of data for individuals with mild cognitive impairment despite the relatively large time span covered. Furthermore, although most studies used the Petersen’s criteria to diagnose and assess individuals with MCI but modifications in the exact application of this definition existed e.g. the use of MMSE- scores one of the included studies used MMSE scores > 24 () while one study used MMSE scores of 23 (). Additionally the heterogeneity of the outcomes measured across studies made cross-comparison difficult but at the same time highlighted the need of developing robust research designs for cognitive training intervention studies. According to the inclusion criteria, only studies that were randomised controlled trials were to be included. This led to the exclusion of many quasi-experimental studies that were related to the research question and that could have contributed to the results (Talassi et al. 2007; Belleville et al. 2006; Cipriani et al. 2006; Tarraga et al. 2006; Schreiber et al. 1999). 5.3.3 Dual vs Single person data extraction: The Cochrane Collaboration (Higgins and Green, 2011) expects each study included in the review to be data extracted by at least two independent researchers who are blind to the study authors and institution from which the study has been published. This however, was not possible owing to the time limitations and practicality of an MSc degree and therefore, data extraction was carried out by a single reviewer. According to Edwards et al. (2002) study screening and data extraction by two or more researchers increases the reliability and accuracy of the systematic review. 5.3.4  Language limitation: The requirement of studies being published in English language led to the exclusion of two studies deemed relevant by their abstract as the body of text was published in German and Spanish (Ott-Chervet et al. 1998; Fernà ¡ndez-Calvo et al. 2011). Summary: This chapter discussed on the results that were generated in the previous chapter. Computerized cognitive training had positive impact on multiple aspects of cognition, including behavioural and psychological symptoms. The effects of training on multiple outcome measures were retained for as less as 6 months to 5 years after the end of the training programme. This showed that the effects of training were not only immediate but also halted cognitive decline. These findings were extremely important from the public health.